中共中央關於進一步全面深化改革

推進中國式現代化的決定

Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese Modernization

（2024年7月18日中國共產黨第二十屆中央委員會第三次全體會議通過）

(Adopted at the third plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on July 18, 2024)

為貫徹落實黨的二十大作出的戰略部署，二十屆中央委員會第三次全體會議研究了進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化問題，作出如下決定。

In order to implement the strategic plans made at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the 20th CPC Central Committee studied the issue of further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese modernization at its third plenary session. On this basis, it adopted this resolution.

一、進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化的重大意義和總體要求

I. Great Significance and Overall Requirements

（1）進一步全面深化改革的重要性和必要性。改革開放是黨和人民事業大踏步趕上時代的重要法寶。黨的十一屆三中全會是劃時代的，開啓了改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期。黨的十八屆三中全會也是劃時代的，開啓了新時代全面深化改革、系統整體設計推進改革新徵程，開創了我國改革開放全新局面。

(1) Importance and necessity

Reform and opening up have been crucial to the cause of the Party and the people, enabling us to catch up with the times in great strides. The third plenary session of the 11th CPC Central Committee was a landmark event that ushered in a new period: one of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization. The third plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee was also of epoch-making significance. It marked the start of a new journey of comprehensively deepening reform in the new era with systematic and holistic plans, thus paving the way for a brand new stage in China’s reform and opening up endeavors.

以習近平同志為核心的黨中央團結帶領全黨全軍全國各族人民，以偉大的歷史主動、巨大的政治勇氣、強烈的責任擔當，衝破思想觀念束縛，突破利益固化藩籬，敢於突進深水區，敢於啃硬骨頭，敢於涉險灘，堅決破除各方面體制機制弊端，實現改革由局部探索、破冰突圍到系統集成、全面深化的轉變，各領域基礎性制度框架基本建立，許多領域實現歷史性變革、系統性重塑、整體性重構，總體完成黨的十八屆三中全會確定的改革任務，實現到黨成立一百周年時各方面制度更加成熟更加定型取得明顯成效的目標，為全面建成小康社會、實現黨的第一個百年奮鬥目標提供有力制度保障，推動我國邁上全面建設社會主義現代化國家新徵程。

The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has, with great historical initiative, tremendous political courage, and a strong sense of mission, united and led the entire Party, the military, and Chinese people of all ethnic groups in unshackling their thinking and breaking down the barriers erected by vested interests. We have dared to brave uncharted waters, grapple with tough problems, and navigate potential dangers and have worked resolutely to remove institutional obstacles in all areas. As a result, reform has evolved from a variety of trials and breakthroughs limited to certain areas into an integrated drive being advanced across the board. Foundational institutional frameworks have been basically put in place in all sectors, and historic, systemic, and holistic transformations have been achieved in many fields. Overall, we have accomplished the reform tasks set at the third plenary session of the 18th Central Committee and attained our objective of achieving marked results in making all institutions more mature and better-defined by the time of the Party’s centennial in 2021. All this has provided strong institutional support for completing the First Centenary Goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and set China on a new journey toward building a modern socialist country in all respects.

當前和今後一個時期是以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業的關鍵時期。中國式現代化是在改革開放中不斷推進的，也必將在改革開放中開闢廣闊前景。面對紛繁複雜的國際國內形勢，面對新一輪科技革命和產業變革，面對人民群眾新期待，必須繼續把改革推向前進。這是堅持和完善中國特色社會主義制度、推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化的必然要求，是貫徹新發展理念、更好適應我國社會主要矛盾變化的必然要求，是堅持以人民為中心、讓現代化建設成果更多更公平惠及全體人民的必然要求，是應對重大風險挑戰、推動黨和國家事業行穩致遠的必然要求，是推動構建人類命運共同體、在百年變局加速演進中贏得戰略主動的必然要求，是深入推進新時代黨的建設新的偉大工程、建設更加堅強有力的馬克思主義政黨的必然要求。改革開放只有進行時，沒有完成時。全黨必須自覺把改革擺在更加突出位置，緊緊圍繞推進中國式現代化進一步全面深化改革。

The present and the near future constitute a critical period for our endeavor to build a great country and move toward national rejuvenation on all fronts through Chinese modernization. As Chinese modernization has been advanced continuously through reform and opening up, it will surely embrace broader horizons through further reform and opening up. To deal with complex developments both at home and abroad, adapt to the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, and live up to the new expectations of our people, it is vital that we continue to advance reform. Advancing reform is essential for upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing China’s system and capacity for governance, for putting the new development philosophy into practice and better adapting to the evolution in the principal contradiction in Chinese society, and for adhering to a people-centered approach to see that the gains of modernization benefit all our people fairly. It is also crucial for responding to major risks and challenges and ensuring steady and sustained progress in the cause of the Party and the country, for promoting the development of a human community with a shared future and winning the strategic initiative amid accelerating global changes of a like not seen in a century, and for further advancing the great new project of Party building in the new era and making our Marxist party stronger. Reform and opening up are an ongoing endeavor rather than a task to be completed. All of us in the Party must consciously give more prominence to reform and further deepen reform comprehensively with a view to advancing Chinese modernization.

（2）進一步全面深化改革的指導思想。堅持馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想、科學發展觀，全面貫徹習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想，深入學習貫徹習近平總書記關於全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新觀點、新論斷，完整準確全面貫徹新發展理念，堅持穩中求進工作總基調，堅持解放思想、實事求是、與時俱進、求真務實，進一步解放和發展社會生產力、激發和增強社會活力，統籌國內國際兩個大局，統籌推進“五位一體”總體布局，協調推進“四個全面”戰略布局，以經濟體制改革為牽引，以促進社會公平正義、增進人民福祉為出發點和落腳點，更加註重系統集成，更加註重突出重點，更加註重改革實效，推動生產關係和生產力、上層建築和經濟基礎、國家治理和社會發展更好相適應，為中國式現代化提供強大動力和制度保障。

(2) Guiding philosophy

We must stay committed to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development and fully implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. We must thoroughly study and implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s new ideas, viewpoints, and conclusions on comprehensively deepening reform and fully and faithfully apply the new development philosophy on all fronts. We must adhere to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability and continue to free our minds, seek truth from facts, move with the times, and take a realistic and pragmatic approach, as we work to further unleash and develop the productive forces and tap into and boost the vitality of our society. Keeping in mind both domestic and international imperatives, we will ensure coordinated implementation of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy. Regarding economic structural reform as the spearhead and greater social fairness and justice and increased wellbeing of the people as our ultimate objectives, we will channel greater energy into making our reforms integrated, focused, and effective. We will work to better adapt the relations of production to the productive forces, the superstructure to the economic base, and national governance to social development so as to provide strong impetus and institutional support for Chinese modernization.

（3）進一步全面深化改革的總目標。繼續完善和發展中國特色社會主義制度，推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化。到二〇三五年，全面建成高水平社會主義市場經濟體制，中國特色社會主義制度更加完善，基本實現國家治理體系和治理能力現代化，基本實現社會主義現代化，為到本世紀中葉全面建成社會主義現代化強國奠定堅實基礎。

(3) Overall objectives

We will continue to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernize China’s system and capacity for governance. By 2035, we will have finished building a high-standard socialist market economy in all respects, further improved the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, generally modernized our system and capacity for governance, and basically realized socialist modernization. All of this will lay a solid foundation for building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects by the middle of this century. In particular, we will focus on achieving the following objectives:

——聚焦構建高水平社會主義市場經濟體制，充分發揮市場在資源配置中的決定性作用，更好發揮政府作用，堅持和完善社會主義基本經濟制度，推進高水平科技自立自強，推進高水平對外開放，建成現代化經濟體系，加快構建新發展格局，推動高質量發展。

—Building a high-standard socialist market economy. We will see that the market plays the decisive role in resource allocation and that the government better fulfills its role. We will uphold and improve China’s basic socialist economic systems, achieve greater self-reliance and strength in science and technology, and promote high-standard opening up. We will build a modernized economy, move faster to create a new pattern of development, and promote high-quality development.

——聚焦發展全過程人民民主，堅持黨的領導、人民當家作主、依法治國有機統一，推動人民當家作主制度更加健全、協商民主廣泛多層制度化發展、中國特色社會主義法治體系更加完善，社會主義法治國家建設達到更高水平。

—Advancing whole-process people’s democracy. We will uphold the unity between leadership by the Party, the running of the country by the people, and law-based governance. We will improve the institutions through which the people run the country, promote extensive, multilevel, and institutionalized development of consultative democracy, and refine the system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics. We will move to a higher stage in building a socialist country under the rule of law.

——聚焦建設社會主義文化強國，堅持馬克思主義在意識形態領域指導地位的根本制度，健全文化事業、文化產業發展體制機制，推動文化繁榮，豐富人民精神文化生活，提升國家文化軟實力和中華文化影響力。

—Developing a strong socialist culture in China. We will uphold the foundational system for ensuring the guiding role of Marxism in the ideological domain and improve the institutions and mechanisms for developing cultural programs and industries. We will promote cultural prosperity, enrich the intellectual and cultural lives of our people, and enhance China’s cultural soft power and the appeal of Chinese culture.

——聚焦提高人民生活品質，完善收入分配和就業制度，健全社會保障體系，增強基本公共服務均衡性和可及性，推動人的全面發展、全體人民共同富裕取得更為明顯的實質性進展。

—Improving the people’s quality of life. We will refine the income distribution, employment, and social security systems, make basic public services more balanced and accessible, and facilitate more notable, substantive progress in promoting people’s well-rounded development and common prosperity for all.

——聚焦建設美麗中國，加快經濟社會發展全面綠色轉型，健全生態環境治理體系，推進生態優先、節約集約、綠色低碳發展，促進人與自然和諧共生。

—Building a Beautiful China. We will ramp up the green transition in all areas of economic and social development and improve the environmental governance system. We will prioritize ecological protection, conserve resources and use them efficiently, and pursue green and low-carbon development, with a view to promoting harmony between humanity and nature.

——聚焦建設更高水平平安中國，健全國家安全體系，強化一體化國家戰略體系，增強維護國家安全能力，創新社會治理體制機制和手段，有效構建新安全格局。

—Advancing the Peaceful China Initiative to a higher level. We will strengthen the national security system, enhance integration between national strategies, and improve our capacity to safeguard national security. We will create new institutions, mechanisms, and methods for social governance and build a new security architecture.

——聚焦提高黨的領導水平和長期執政能力，創新和改進領導方式和執政方式，深化黨的建設制度改革，健全全面從嚴治黨體系。

—Improving the Party’s capacity for leadership and long-term governance. We will develop new and improved ways of exercising leadership and governance, deepen institutional reforms related to Party building, and improve the system for exercising full and rigorous Party self-governance.

到二〇二九年中華人民共和國成立八十周年時，完成本決定提出的改革任務。

The reform tasks laid out in this resolution shall be completed by the time the People’s Republic of China celebrates its 80th anniversary in 2029.

（4）進一步全面深化改革的原則。總結和運用改革開放以來特別是新時代全面深化改革的寶貴經驗，貫徹以下原則：堅持黨的全面領導，堅定維護黨中央權威和集中統一領導，發揮黨總攬全局、協調各方的領導核心作用，把黨的領導貫穿改革各方面全過程，確保改革始終沿著正確政治方向前進；堅持以人民為中心，尊重人民主體地位和首創精神，人民有所呼、改革有所應，做到改革為了人民、改革依靠人民、改革成果由人民共享；堅持守正創新，堅持中國特色社會主義不動搖，緊跟時代步伐，順應實踐發展，突出問題導向，在新的起點上推進理論創新、實踐創新、制度創新、文化創新以及其他各方面創新；堅持以制度建設為主線，加強頂層設計、總體謀劃，破立並舉、先立後破，築牢根本制度，完善基本制度，創新重要制度；堅持全面依法治國，在法治軌道上深化改革、推進中國式現代化，做到改革和法治相統一，重大改革於法有據、及時把改革成果上升為法律制度；堅持系統觀念，處理好經濟和社會、政府和市場、效率和公平、活力和秩序、發展和安全等重大關係，增強改革系統性、整體性、協同性。

(4) Guiding principles

On the basis of reviewing and applying the valuable experience we have gained since the launch of reform and opening up, particularly from our endeavor to comprehensively deepen reform in the new era, we will implement the following principles:

• Upholding the Party’s overall leadership. We must firmly uphold the Central Committee’s authority and its centralized, unified leadership and ensure that the Party fulfills its core role of exercising overall leadership and coordinating the efforts of all sides. We must ensure that Party leadership is exercised in every aspect and throughout the entire process of reform so that it always advances in the correct political direction.
• Adhering to a people-centered approach. We must respect the principal position and pioneering spirit of the people and make our reform measures highly responsive to the call of the people, so as to ensure that reform is for the people and by the people and that its fruits are shared among the people.
• Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground. Staying committed to socialism with Chinese characteristics, we must keep pace with the times, adapt to the evolution of practice, and take a problem-oriented approach, so that from a new starting point, we can promote innovations in theory and practice, in our institutions and culture, and in all other aspects.
• Strengthening institutional building as our main task. We must strengthen top-level design and overall planning, always establishing new systems before abolishing old ones while attaching equal importance to efforts in both respects. We must consolidate foundational systems, refine basic systems, and innovate important systems.
• Staying committed to law-based governance on all fronts. We must deepen reform and advance Chinese modernization under the rule of law and ensure unity between reform and the rule of law, seeing that all major reforms have a solid legal basis and that reform achievements are elevated to law in a timely manner.
• Applying systems thinking. We must properly handle the major relationships between the economy and society, between the government and the market, between efficiency and fairness, between vitality and order, and between development and security, thus pursuing reform in a more systematic, holistic, and coordinated manner.

二、構建高水平社會主義市場經濟體制

II. Building a High-Standard Socialist Market Economy

高水平社會主義市場經濟體制是中國式現代化的重要保障。必須更好發揮市場機製作用，創造更加公平、更有活力的市場環境，實現資源配置效率最優化和效益最大化，既“放得活”又“管得住”，更好維護市場秩序、彌補市場失靈，暢通國民經濟循環，激發全社會內生動力和創新活力。

A high-standard socialist market economy provides an important guarantee for Chinese modernization. We must better leverage the role of the market, foster a fairer and more dynamic market environment, and make resource allocation as efficient and productive as possible. We need to lift restrictions on the market while ensuring effective regulation and strive to better maintain order in the market and remedy market failures. By doing so, we will ensure smooth flows in the national economy and unleash the internal driving forces and creativity of the whole of society.

（5）堅持和落實“兩個毫不動搖”。毫不動搖鞏固和發展公有制經濟，毫不動搖鼓勵、支持、引導非公有制經濟發展，保證各種所有制經濟依法平等使用生產要素、公平參與市場競爭、同等受到法律保護，促進各種所有制經濟優勢互補、共同發展。

(5) Upholding and fulfilling the commitments to the public and non-public sectors

We will stay committed to unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. We will ensure that economic entities under all forms of ownership have equal access to factors of production in accordance with the law, compete in the market on an equal footing, and are protected by the law as equals, thus enabling them to complement each other and develop side by side.

深化國資國企改革，完善管理監督體制機制，增強各有關管理部門戰略協同，推進國有經濟布局優化和結構調整，推動國有資本和國有企業做強做優做大，增強核心功能，提升核心競爭力。進一步明晰不同類型國有企業功能定位，完善主責主業管理，明確國有資本重點投資領域和方向。推動國有資本向關係國家安全、國民經濟命脈的重要行業和關鍵領域集中，向關係國計民生的公共服務、應急能力、公益性領域等集中，向前瞻性戰略性新興產業集中。健全國有企業推進原始創新制度安排。深化國有資本投資、運營公司改革。建立國有企業履行戰略使命評價制度，完善國有企業分類考核評價體系，開展國有經濟增加值覈算。推進能源、鐵路、電信、水利、公用事業等行業自然壟斷環節獨立運營和競爭性環節市場化改革，健全監管體制機制。

We will deepen reform of state capital and state-owned enterprises (SOEs), improving the institutions and mechanisms for management and oversight, strengthening strategic coordination between relevant administrative departments, and working to refine the layout of the state-owned sector and adjust its structure. All this will help state capital and SOEs get stronger, do better, and grow bigger, with their core functions and core competitiveness enhanced. We will clearly define the functions of different types of SOEs, improve the management of their primary responsibilities and core business, and identify the key areas and orientations for state capital investment. State capital will be steered toward major industries and key fields that are vital to national security and serve as the lifeblood of the national economy, toward sectors such as public services, emergency response, and public welfare, which concern our country’s prosperity and our people’s wellbeing, and toward forward-looking and strategic emerging industries. The institutional framework under which SOEs pursue original innovation will be improved, and the reform of state capital investment and operation companies will be continued. We will establish a system to assess SOEs’ performance in fulfilling their strategic missions, refine the category-based SOE evaluation system, and introduce value-added accounting in the state-owned sector. While promoting independent operation of natural monopoly businesses in sectors such as energy, railway, telecommunications, water conservancy, and public utilities, we will advance market-oriented reforms in the competitive areas of these sectors and improve regulatory institutions and mechanisms.

堅持致力於為非公有制經濟發展營造良好環境和提供更多機會的方針政策。制定民營經濟促進法。深入破除市場准入壁壘，推進基礎設施競爭性領域向經營主體公平開放，完善民營企業參與國家重大項目建設長效機制。支持有能力的民營企業牽頭承擔國家重大技術攻關任務，向民營企業進一步開放國家重大科研基礎設施。完善民營企業融資支持政策制度，破解融資難、融資貴問題。健全涉企收費長效監管和拖欠企業賬款清償法律法規體系。加快建立民營企業信用狀況綜合評價體系，健全民營中小企業增信制度。支持引導民營企業完善治理結構和管理制度，加強企業合規建設和廉潔風險防控。加強事中事後監管，規範涉民營企業行政檢查。

We will continue to implement principles and policies that help foster a favorable environment and create more opportunities for the development of the non-public sector. We will formulate a private sector promotion law. We will do more to remove barriers to market access, work to see that the competitive areas of infrastructure are open to market entities in a fair manner, and improve the long-term mechanism by which private enterprises participate in major national projects. We will support capable private enterprises in leading national initiatives to make breakthroughs in major technologies and provide private enterprises with greater access to major national scientific research infrastructure. We will refine financing support policies and systems for private enterprises to resolve the difficulties they face in accessing affordable financing. We will improve the legal framework for the long-term regulation of charges levied on enterprises and for clearing overdue payments owed to them. We will move faster to set up a system for comprehensively evaluating private enterprises’ credit status and refine the credit enhancement system for small and medium private enterprises. We will support and guide private enterprises in improving their governance structures and management systems, building up compliance capacity, and better preventing corruption-related risks. We will strengthen ongoing and ex post oversight and regulate administrative inspections on private enterprises.

完善中國特色現代企業制度，弘揚企業家精神，支持和引導各類企業提高資源要素利用效率和經營管理水平、履行社會責任，加快建設更多世界一流企業。

We will refine the modern corporate system with distinctive Chinese features and promote entrepreneurial spirit. We will support and guide enterprises of all types as they work to use resources and production factors more efficiently, improve their operation and management, and fulfill their social responsibilities. Efforts will be accelerated to foster a greater number of world-class enterprises.

（6）構建全國統一大市場。推動市場基礎制度規則統一、市場監管公平統一、市場設施高標準聯通。加強公平競爭審查剛性約束，強化反壟斷和反不正當競爭，清理和廢除妨礙全國統一市場和公平競爭的各種規定和做法。規範地方招商引資法規制度，嚴禁違法違規給予政策優惠行為。建立健全統一規範、信息共享的招標投標和政府、事業單位、國有企業採購等公共資源交易平台體系，實現項目全流程公開管理。提升市場綜合監管能力和水平。健全國家標準體系，深化地方標準管理制度改革。

(6) Building a unified national market

We will work to see that the underlying institutions and rules of the market are unified, that market regulation is exercised in an impartial and unified manner, and that connectivity between market facilities is built to high standards. We will enhance the binding force of fair competition review, take stronger action against monopolies and unfair competition, and review and abolish regulations and practices that impede the development of a unified national market and fair competition. We will bring local regulations and institutions for attracting investment under regulation and strictly prohibit policy incentives in breach of laws and regulations. We will establish sound, unified, and well-regulated public resource trading platforms that facilitate information sharing. Such platforms will cover public bidding as well as procurement by the government, public institutions, and SOEs and ensure full transparency throughout the project management process. Overall market regulation capabilities will be enhanced. We will refine the national system of standards and deepen reform of local systems for standards management.

完善要素市場制度和規則，推動生產要素暢通流動、各類資源高效配置、市場潛力充分釋放。構建城鄉統一的建設用地市場。完善促進資本市場規範發展基礎制度。培育全國一體化技術和數據市場。完善主要由市場供求關係決定要素價格機制，防止政府對價格形成的不當干預。健全勞動、資本、土地、知識、技術、管理、數據等生產要素由市場評價貢獻、按貢獻決定報酬的機制。推進水、能源、交通等領域價格改革，優化居民階梯水價、電價、氣價制度，完善成品油定價機制。

The institutions and rules for production factor markets will be improved to facilitate the smooth flow of production factors, the efficient allocation of all types of resources, and the full realization of market potential. We will develop a unified market for urban and rural land designated for construction. We will refine the underlying systems for promoting well-regulated development of the capital market and foster an integrated national market for technology and data. By refining the mechanisms whereby production factors are priced primarily based on market supply and demand, we will prevent improper government interference in pricing. We will also develop better mechanisms to ensure the contributions of production factors, such as labor, capital, land, knowledge, technology, management, and data, are determined by the market and rewarded accordingly. Pricing reforms will be continued in sectors such as water, energy, and transportation, and the tiered pricing mechanisms for household water, electricity, and natural gas consumption will be improved, as will the pricing mechanism for refined petroleum products.

完善流通體制，加快發展物聯網，健全一體銜接的流通規則和標準，降低全社會物流成本。深化能源管理體制改革，建設全國統一電力市場，優化油氣管網運行調度機制。

We will improve the commodity distribution system, speed up the development of the Internet of Things, and further refine the integrated framework of distribution rules and standards to cut logistics costs throughout society. We will deepen reform of the energy management system, build a unified national electricity market, and improve the operation and coordination mechanisms for oil and gas pipelines.

加快培育完整內需體系，建立政府投資支持基礎性、公益性、長遠性重大項目建設長效機制，健全政府投資有效帶動社會投資體制機制，深化投資審批制度改革，完善激發社會資本投資活力和促進投資落地機制，形成市場主導的有效投資內生增長機制。完善擴大消費長效機制，減少限制性措施，合理增加公共消費，積極推進首發經濟。

We will step up efforts to develop a complete domestic demand system. To this end, we will set up long-term government investment mechanisms to support the development of major projects that are of fundamental and far-reaching importance and serve the public interest; refine the institutions and mechanisms that enable government investment to effectively drive nongovernmental investment; further reform the investment review and approval system; improve the mechanisms for stimulating and facilitating nongovernmental investment; and create a market-driven mechanism for ensuring self-sustaining growth of effective investment. We will refine long-term mechanisms for expanding consumption, reduce relevant restrictions, boost public spending as necessary, and actively promote the debut economy.

（7）完善市場經濟基礎制度。完善產權制度，依法平等長久保護各種所有制經濟產權，建立高效的知識產權綜合管理體制。完善市場信息披露制度，構建商業秘密保護制度。對侵犯各種所有制經濟產權和合法利益的行為實行同責同罪同罰，完善懲罰性賠償制度。加強產權執法司法保護，防止和糾正利用行政、刑事手段干預經濟糾紛，健全依法甄別糾正涉企冤錯案件機制。

(7) Refining the systems underpinning the market economy

We will improve the property rights system to ensure law-based, equitable protection of the property rights of economic entities under all forms of ownership on a long-term basis and establish an efficient system for the comprehensive management of intellectual property rights. We will refine the market information disclosure system and put in place a commercial secrets protection system. All economic entities, regardless of their form of ownership, will be treated as equals when their property rights and legal interests are infringed upon or they infringe upon the property rights and legal interests of others. We will also refine the punitive compensation system. We will work to bolster law enforcement and justice administration to protect property rights, prevent and rectify administrative and criminal interference in economic disputes, and refine the mechanisms for identifying and redressing wrongly adjudicated cases involving enterprises in accordance with the law.

完善市場准入制度，優化新業態新領域市場准入環境。深化註冊資本認繳登記制度改革，實行依法按期認繳。健全企業破產機制，探索建立個人破產制度，推進企業註銷配套改革，完善企業退出制度。健全社會信用體系和監管制度。

We will refine the market access system to ensure greater accessibility for new forms of business and new sectors. We will deepen reform of the business registration system based on subscribed registered capital and ensure that subscriptions are paid on time as stipulated by law. We will refine the enterprise bankruptcy mechanism, explore the establishment of a bankruptcy system for individual persons, move ahead with integrated reforms concerning the deregistration of enterprises, and improve the market exit system. We will also improve the social credit system and related oversight institutions.

三、健全推動經濟高質量發展體制機制

III. Promoting High-Quality Economic Development

高質量發展是全面建設社會主義現代化國家的首要任務。必須以新發展理念引領改革，立足新發展階段，深化供給側結構性改革，完善推動高質量發展激勵約束機制，塑造發展新動能新優勢。

High-quality development is our primary task in building China into a modern socialist country in all respects. It is essential that we apply the new development philosophy to steer reform and ground our efforts in the new stage of development. We must deepen supply-side structural reform, improve incentive and constraint mechanisms for promoting high-quality development, and strive to create new growth drivers and strengths.

（8）健全因地制宜發展新質生產力體制機制。推動技術革命性突破、生產要素創新性配置、產業深度轉型升級，推動勞動者、勞動資料、勞動對象優化組合和更新躍升，催生新產業、新模式、新動能，發展以高技術、高效能、高質量為特徵的生產力。加強關鍵共性技術、前沿引領技術、現代工程技術、顛覆性技術創新，加強新領域新賽道制度供給，建立未來產業投入增長機制，完善推動新一代信息技術、人工智能、航空航天、新能源、新材料、高端裝備、生物醫藥、量子科技等戰略性產業發展政策和治理體系，引導新興產業健康有序發展。以國家標準提升引領傳統產業優化升級，支持企業用數智技術、綠色技術改造提升傳統產業。強化環保、安全等制度約束。

(8) Improving the institutions and mechanisms for fostering new quality productive forces in line with local conditions

We will work to facilitate revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, in-depth industrial transformation and upgrading, and the optimal combination of laborers, means of labor, and subjects of labor as well as their renewal and upgrading. All this will give rise to new industries, new business models, and new growth drivers and promote the development of productive forces that are characterized by high technology, high performance, and high quality. A stronger push will be made to pursue innovation in key generic technologies, cutting-edge technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technologies, and institutional supply will be boosted in new areas and arenas. We will establish a mechanism for ensuring funding increases for industries of the future, improve the policy and governance systems for promoting the development of strategic industries such as next-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, aviation and aerospace, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, biomedicine, and quantum technology, and steer emerging industries toward sound and orderly development. National standards will be elevated to guide the upgrading of traditional industries, and enterprises will also be encouraged to apply digital, intelligent, and green technologies to transform and upgrade these sectors. We will impose tighter institutional constraints for environmental protection and safety.

健全相關規則和政策，加快形成同新質生產力更相適應的生產關係，促進各類先進生產要素向發展新質生產力集聚，大幅提升全要素生產率。鼓勵和規範發展天使投資、風險投資、私募股權投資，更好發揮政府投資基金作用，發展耐心資本。

Relevant rules and policies will be improved to accelerate the formation of relations of production that are more compatible with new quality productive forces, and to channel various types of advanced production factors toward the development of new quality productive forces. These steps will help realize a significant increase in total factor productivity. We will encourage and regulate the development of angel investment, venture capital, and private equity investment, better leverage the role of government investment funds, and work to promote the development of patient capital.

（9）健全促進實體經濟和數字經濟深度融合制度。加快推進新型工業化，培育壯大先進製造業集群，推動製造業高端化、智能化、綠色化發展。建設一批行業共性技術平台，加快產業模式和企業組織形態變革，健全提升優勢產業領先地位體制機制。優化重大產業基金運作和監管機制，確保資金投向符合國家戰略要求。建立保持製造業合理比重投入機制，合理降低製造業綜合成本和稅費負擔。

(9) Improving the systems for promoting full integration between the real economy and the digital economy

We will move faster to advance new industrialization, promote the growth and expansion of advanced manufacturing clusters, and make the manufacturing sector higher-end, smarter, and more eco-friendly. We will set up a number of industrial generic technology platforms, accelerate the transformation of industrial models and organizational forms of enterprises, and refine the institutions and mechanisms for enhancing our leading position in industries where we excel. We will establish better operation and oversight mechanisms for major industrial investment funds to ensure that capital is channeled toward our country’s strategic needs. We will put in place a funding mechanism to see that the share of manufacturing in the national economy remains at a desirable level. We will also realize a reasonable reduction in overall costs and tax and fee burdens in the manufacturing sector.

加快構建促進數字經濟發展體制機制，完善促進數字產業化和產業數字化政策體系。加快新一代信息技術全方位全鏈條普及應用，發展工業互聯網，打造具有國際競爭力的數字產業集群。促進平台經濟創新發展，健全平台經濟常態化監管制度。建設和運營國家數據基礎設施，促進數據共享。加快建立數據產權歸屬認定、市場交易、權益分配、利益保護制度，提升數據安全治理監管能力，建立高效便利安全的數據跨境流動機制。

We will move faster to establish institutions and mechanisms for promoting the development of the digital economy and refine the policy system for developing the digital industry and transforming traditional industries with digital technologies. We will promote faster application of next-generation information technology at all stages and in all dimensions, develop the Industrial Internet, and build digital industry clusters with international competitiveness. We will push forward the innovative development of the platform economy while improving the system for its routine regulation. We will build and put into operation national data infrastructure to promote data sharing. We will work faster to set up a system for data property rights concerning ownership determination, market transaction, proceeds distribution, and interests protection. We will boost our governance and regulatory capabilities in relation to data security and put in place a mechanism to ensure efficient, convenient, and safe cross-border data flows.

（10）完善發展服務業體制機制。完善支持服務業發展政策體系，優化服務業覈算，推進服務業標準化建設。聚焦重點環節分領域推進生產性服務業高質量發展，發展產業互聯網平台，破除跨地區經營行政壁壘，推進生產性服務業融合發展。健全加快生活性服務業多樣化發展機制。完善中介服務機構法規制度體系，促進中介服務機構誠實守信、依法履責。

(10) Refining the institutions and mechanisms for developing the service sector

We will refine the policy system for supporting the development of the service sector, improve financial accounting, and promote standardization in this sector. With a focus on key links, we will propel high-quality development of producer services on a sector-by-sector basis, invigorate industrial internet platforms, remove administrative barriers that impede trans-regional business operations, and promote the integrated development of producer services. The mechanisms for accelerating the diversified development of consumer services will be improved. We will refine the system of rules and regulations for intermediary service agencies to ensure that they operate in an honest and trustworthy way and fulfill their responsibilities in accordance with the law.

（11）健全現代化基礎設施建設體制機制。構建新型基礎設施規劃和標準體系，健全新型基礎設施融合利用機制，推進傳統基礎設施數字化改造，拓寬多元化投融資渠道，健全重大基礎設施建設協調機制。深化綜合交通運輸體系改革，推進鐵路體制改革，發展通用航空和低空經濟，推動收費公路政策優化。提高航運保險承保能力和全球服務水平，推進海事仲裁制度規則創新。健全重大水利工程建設、運行、管理機制。

(11) Improving the institutions and mechanisms for modernizing infrastructure

We will build a planning and standards system for new types of infrastructure and improve the mechanisms for integrated utilization of such infrastructure. We will advance the digitalization of traditional infrastructure, diversify investment and financing channels, and refine the coordination mechanisms for major infrastructure construction projects. We will further reform the integrated transportation system, advancing reform of the railway system, developing general aviation and the low-altitude economy, and optimizing the policy on toll highways. We will raise the underwriting capacity of shipping insurers, help them provide better global services, and introduce new systems and rules on the arbitration of marine affairs. We will improve the mechanisms for the construction, operation, and management of major water conservancy projects.

（12）健全提升產業鏈供應鏈韌性和安全水平制度。抓緊打造自主可控的產業鏈供應鏈，健全強化集成電路、工業母機、醫療裝備、儀器儀表、基礎軟件、工業軟件、先進材料等重點產業鏈發展體制機制，全鏈條推進技術攻關、成果應用。建立產業鏈供應鏈安全風險評估和應對機制。完善產業在國內梯度有序轉移的協作機制，推動轉出地和承接地利益共享。建設國家戰略腹地和關鍵產業備份。加快完善國家儲備體系。完善戰略性礦產資源探產供儲銷統籌和銜接體系。

(12) Improving the systems for enhancing the resilience and security of industrial and supply chains

We will move faster to build industrial and supply chains that are self-supporting and risk-controllable, improve the institutions and mechanisms for bolstering key industrial chains such as integrated circuits, industrial machine tools, medical equipment, instruments, basic software, industrial software, and advanced materials, and strive to secure more technological breakthroughs that can be applied across entire industrial and supply chains. A mechanism will be put in place to assess and respond to industrial and supply chain risks. We will improve the coordination mechanism for industries to be relocated domestically in a progressive and orderly manner and promote interest sharing between regions of origin and destination. We will develop China’s strategic hinterland and ensure backup plans for key industries. Accelerated moves will be made to improve the system for national reserves. We will refine the overall planning and linkage systems for the exploration, production, supply, storage, and sale of strategic mineral resources.

四、構建支持全面創新體制機制

IV. Supporting All-Around Innovation

教育、科技、人才是中國式現代化的基礎性、戰略性支撐。必須深入實施科教興國戰略、人才強國戰略、創新驅動發展戰略，統籌推進教育科技人才體制機制一體改革，健全新型舉國體制，提升國家創新體系整體效能。

Education, science and technology, and talent function as basic and strategic underpinnings for Chinese modernization. We must fully implement the strategy of invigorating China through science and education, the strategy of developing a quality workforce, and the innovation-driven development strategy, make coordinated efforts to promote integrated reform of institutions and mechanisms pertaining to education, science and technology, and talent, and improve the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide, so as to boost the overall performance of our country’s innovation system.

（13）深化教育綜合改革。加快建設高質量教育體系，統籌推進育人方式、辦學模式、管理體制、保障機制改革。完善立德樹人機制，推進大中小學思政課一體化改革創新，健全德智體美勞全面培養體系，提升教師教書育人能力，健全師德師風建設長效機制，深化教育評價改革。優化高等教育布局，加快建設中國特色、世界一流的大學和優勢學科。分類推進高校改革，建立科技發展、國家戰略需求牽引的學科設置調整機制和人才培養模式，超常布局急需學科專業，加強基礎學科、新興學科、交叉學科建設和拔尖人才培養，著力加強創新能力培養。完善高校科技創新機制，提高成果轉化效能。強化科技教育和人文教育協同。加快構建職普融通、產教融合的職業教育體系。完善學生實習實踐制度。引導規範民辦教育發展。推進高水平教育開放，鼓勵國外高水平理工類大學來華合作辦學。

(13) Deepening comprehensive reform in education

We will work faster to build a high-quality education system and advance coordinated reforms in student training methods, school operation models, management systems, and support mechanisms. We will improve the mechanisms for fostering virtue through education, introduce integrated reforms and new approaches in the political education curriculum at all levels, from elementary school to university, and refine the systems for nurturing capable young people with sound moral grounding, intellectual ability, physical vigor, aesthetic sensibility, and work skills. We will increase the ability of teachers to impart knowledge and bring out the best in students and improve the long-term mechanisms for enhancing their professional integrity and conduct. In addition, we will further educational assessment reforms. We will improve the layout of higher education and work faster to develop world-class universities and strong disciplines with Chinese features. We will advance reforms of higher education institutions on a categorized basis and develop discipline adjustment mechanisms and talent training models to meet the needs of China’s scientific and technological development and national strategies. This will see us making extraordinary moves to plan for disciplines and majors that are in urgent demand. We will also redouble efforts to develop basic disciplines, emerging disciplines, and interdisciplinary subjects and work harder to cultivate top talent, with a strong emphasis on fostering innovative capacity. We will refine the mechanisms for facilitating scientific and technological innovation in universities and ensure more efficient application of advances. Scientific and technological education and humanities education will be better coordinated. We will work faster to build a vocational education system that is well-integrated with both general education and industry and improve the mechanisms for student internships and work experience. We will better guide and regulate the development of private schools. We will promote high-standard opening up in the education sector, and encourage first-rate foreign universities of science and engineering to develop partner schools and programs in China.

優化區域教育資源配置，建立同人口變化相協調的基本公共教育服務供給機制。完善義務教育優質均衡推進機制，探索逐步擴大免費教育範圍。健全學前教育和特殊教育、專門教育保障機制。推進教育數字化，賦能學習型社會建設，加強終身教育保障。

With a view to optimizing the allocation of educational resources across regions, we will establish mechanisms for aligning the supply of basic public education services with demographic changes. We will improve the mechanisms for promoting high-quality, balanced development of compulsory education and explore avenues for gradually expanding the coverage of free education. The support mechanisms for preschool education, special needs education, and specialized education will be improved. We will also pursue the digitalization of education to facilitate the building of a learning society and provide greater support for lifelong education.

（14）深化科技體制改革。堅持面向世界科技前沿、面向經濟主戰場、面向國家重大需求、面向人民生命健康，優化重大科技創新組織機制，統籌強化關鍵核心技術攻關，推動科技創新力量、要素配置、人才隊伍體系化、建制化、協同化。加強國家戰略科技力量建設，完善國家實驗室體系，優化國家科研機構、高水平研究型大學、科技領軍企業定位和布局，推進科技創新央地協同，統籌各類科創平台建設，鼓勵和規範發展新型研發機構，發揮我國超大規模市場引領作用，加強創新資源統籌和力量組織，推動科技創新和產業創新融合發展。構建科技安全風險監測預警和應對體系，加強科技基礎條件自主保障。健全科技社團管理制度。擴大國際科技交流合作，鼓勵在華設立國際科技組織，優化高校、科研院所、科技社團對外專業交流合作管理機制。

(14) Deepening scientific and technological structural reform

Targeting the global frontiers of science and technology, the development of the economy, the major needs of the country, and the health and safety of our people, we will refine the mechanisms under which major scientific and technological innovation projects are organized in order to mount a concerted push for breakthroughs in core technologies in key fields. We will see that the development of innovative capabilities, allocation of innovation factors, and ranks of innovators become more systematic, well-organized, and coordinated. To boost China’s strength in strategic science and technology, we will refine the system of national laboratories and better define the roles and layout of our national research institutions, advanced-level research universities, and leading high-tech enterprises. We will promote closer collaboration between the central and local levels, work for coordinated development of technological innovation platforms of various kinds, and encourage and regulate the development of new types of R&D institutions. Giving play to the guiding role of China’s enormous market, we will see that innovation resources are more effectively allocated and that our innovative capabilities are better organized, with a view to promoting integrated advancements in technological and industrial innovation. We will establish risk monitoring, early warning, and response systems to safeguard science and technology security, and ensure self-sufficiency in scientific and technological infrastructure. The management system for science and technology-related social groups will be refined. We will expand international science and technology exchanges and cooperation, encourage the establishment of international science and technology organizations in China, and improve the management mechanisms whereby China’s universities, research institutes, and science and technology-related social groups engage in specialized exchanges and cooperation with their foreign counterparts.

改進科技計劃管理，強化基礎研究領域、交叉前沿領域、重點領域前瞻性、引領性布局。加強有組織的基礎研究，提高科技支出用於基礎研究比重，完善競爭性支持和穩定支持相結合的基礎研究投入機制，鼓勵有條件的地方、企業、社會組織、個人支持基礎研究，支持基礎研究選題多樣化，鼓勵開展高風險、高價值基礎研究。深化科技評價體系改革，加強科技倫理治理，嚴肅整治學術不端行為。

We will improve the management of science and technology plans to ensure that they are forward-looking and play a guiding role in basic research, interdisciplinary frontier areas, and key fields. We will see that basic research is conducted in a better organized way, raise the share of total science and technology expenditure that goes toward basic research, and improve the basic research investment mechanisms to ensure support on both a competitive and ongoing basis. Regions, enterprises, social organizations, and individuals with the resources to support basic research will be encouraged to do so. We will also support researchers in diversifying their subjects for study and encourage high-risk, high-reward basic research. We will advance reform of the science and technology evaluation system, ensure that ethical standards are adhered to, and rectify academic misconduct.

強化企業科技創新主體地位，建立培育壯大科技領軍企業機制，加強企業主導的產學研深度融合，建立企業研發準備金制度，支持企業主動牽頭或參與國家科技攻關任務。構建促進專精特新中小企業發展壯大機制。鼓勵科技型中小企業加大研發投入，提高研發費用加計扣除比例。鼓勵和引導高校、科研院所按照先使用後付費方式把科技成果許可給中小微企業使用。

Reinforcing the principal role of enterprises in innovation, we will establish mechanisms for fostering leading high-tech enterprises and strengthen enterprise-led collaboration between industries, universities, and research institutes. We will set up a reserve fund system for corporate R&D and back enterprises that volunteer to lead or participate in major national science and technology programs. Mechanisms will be rolled out to promote the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that use specialized and sophisticated technologies to produce novel and unique products. To encourage sci-tech SMEs to boost their R&D spending, we will raise the rate of additional tax deductions for their R&D expenses. We will encourage and guide higher education institutions and research institutes in authorizing the use of their proprietary scientific and technological advances by micro, small, and medium enterprises on a “use first, pay later” basis.

完善中央財政科技經費分配和管理使用機制，健全中央財政科技計劃執行和專業機構管理體制。擴大財政科研項目經費“包幹制”範圍，賦予科學家更大技術路線決定權、更大經費支配權、更大資源調度權。建立專家實名推薦的非共識項目篩選機制。允許科研類事業單位實行比一般事業單位更靈活的管理制度，探索實行企業化管理。

We will refine the mechanisms for allocation, management, and utilization of central government research funds and improve the institutions for the implementation of central government-funded science and technology programs and their management by specialized agencies. We will expand application of the contract system for government-funded research projects and grant scientists a greater say in deciding on technology roadmaps, spending funds, and allocating resources. We will establish a mechanism for adopting non-consensus projects based on real-name recommendations by experts. Public institutions engaged in scientific research will be allowed to implement a more flexible management system as compared to general public institutions, so that they can explore approaches to instituting corporate management.

深化科技成果轉化機制改革，加強國家技術轉移體系建設，加快布局建設一批概念驗證、中試驗證平台，完善首台（套）、首批次、首版次應用政策，加大政府採購自主創新產品力度。加強技術經理人隊伍建設。

We will further reform the mechanisms for applying scientific and technological advances. We will enhance the national technology transfer system, move faster to plan and build a number of proof-of-concept and pilot-scale testing platforms, refine the policies for the initial application of newly-developed equipment, materials, and software, and increase government procurement of independently innovated products. The pool of technology managers will be expanded.

允許科技人員在科技成果轉化收益分配上有更大自主權，建立職務科技成果資產單列管理制度，深化職務科技成果賦權改革。深化高校、科研院所收入分配改革。允許更多符合條件的國有企業以創新創造為導向，在科研人員中開展多種形式中長期激勵。

Scientists and engineers will have a greater say in the distribution of gains from the transfer of their scientific and technological advances. We will establish a system to place scientific and technological outputs produced on the job under separate management and deepen reforms to grant researchers corresponding rights over these outputs. We will push ahead with the income distribution reform for universities and research institutes. A greater number of eligible SOEs will be permitted to provide diverse medium- and long-term incentives to encourage innovation and creativity among their research personnel.

構建同科技創新相適應的科技金融體制，加強對國家重大科技任務和科技型中小企業的金融支持，完善長期資本投早、投小、投長期、投硬科技的支持政策。健全重大技術攻關風險分散機制，建立科技保險政策體系。提高外資在華開展股權投資、風險投資便利性。

We will develop a financial system for scientific and technological innovation to provide greater support for major national science and technology programs and sci-tech SMEs. We will refine policies for supporting the investment of long-term capital in projects at the early stages, in small enterprises, over long time horizons, and in advanced and core technologies. We will improve the mechanisms for spreading the risks associated with the development of major technologies and introduce a policy system for technology insurance. We will facilitate foreign equity investment and venture capital investment in China.

（15）深化人才發展體制機制改革。實施更加積極、更加開放、更加有效的人才政策，完善人才自主培養機制，加快建設國家高水平人才高地和吸引集聚人才平台。加快建設國家戰略人才力量，著力培養造就戰略科學家、一流科技領軍人才和創新團隊，著力培養造就卓越工程師、大國工匠、高技能人才，提高各類人才素質。建設一流產業技術工人隊伍。完善人才有序流動機制，促進人才區域合理布局，深化東中西部人才協作。完善青年創新人才發現、選拔、培養機制，更好保障青年科技人員待遇。健全保障科研人員專心科研制度。

(15) Deepening institutional reforms for talent development

Our policies on talent will become more proactive, open, and effective. To improve the mechanisms for nurturing talent here at home, we will work faster to develop national hubs for high-caliber personnel and platforms for attracting and pooling talent. We will step up efforts to build a contingent of personnel with expertise of strategic importance, with a focus on cultivating science strategists, top-notch scientists and innovation teams, outstanding engineers, master craftsmen, and highly-skilled workers, while also working to improve the performance of all types of talent. We will develop a first-rate industrial technical workforce. We will improve the mechanisms for enabling orderly flows of talent to promote a more rational distribution across regions and foster closer personnel collaboration between the eastern, central, and western regions. We will also enhance the mechanisms for identifying, selecting, and training young innovators and ensure better pay and benefits for our young scientists and engineers. Relevant systems will be refined to ensure that researchers can concentrate on research.

強化人才激勵機制，堅持向用人主體授權、為人才鬆綁。建立以創新能力、質量、實效、貢獻為導向的人才評價體系。打通高校、科研院所和企業人才交流通道。完善海外引進人才支持保障機制，形成具有國際競爭力的人才制度體系。探索建立高技術人才移民制度。

We will enhance the incentive mechanisms for talent, granting more say to employers and creating a more accommodating environment for talent development. We will put in place a personnel assessment system based on innovation-related capability, performance, outcomes, and contributions. We will open up channels to enable flows of personnel between universities and research institutes on the one hand and enterprises on the other. We will improve the support mechanisms for recruiting talent from overseas and create internationally competitive personnel systems. We will also explore avenues for establishing an immigration system for highly-skilled personnel.

五、健全宏觀經濟治理體系

V. Improving Macroeconomic Governance

科學的宏觀調控、有效的政府治理是發揮社會主義市場經濟體制優勢的內在要求。必須完善宏觀調控制度體系，統籌推進財稅、金融等重點領域改革，增強宏觀政策取向一致性。

Sound macro regulation, along with effective governance by the government, is essential for ensuring that we can fully leverage the institutional strengths of our socialist market economy. It is, therefore, vital that we improve our macro regulation systems. We must pursue coordinated reforms in the fiscal, tax, financial, and other major sectors and work to enhance the consistency of macro policy orientation.

（16）完善國家戰略規劃體系和政策統籌協調機制。構建國家戰略制定和實施機制，加強國家重大戰略深度融合，增強國家戰略宏觀引導、統籌協調功能。健全國家經濟社會發展規劃制度體系，強化規劃銜接落實機制，發揮國家發展規劃戰略導向作用，強化國土空間規劃基礎作用，增強專項規劃和區域規劃實施支撐作用。健全專家參與公共決策制度。

(16) Improving the national strategic planning system and policy coordination mechanisms

We will develop mechanisms for formulating and executing national strategies and make a stronger push to fully integrate all major strategies, so that they can provide better macro guidance and overall coordination. The systems for national economic and social development planning will be improved. This will see us enhancing the mechanisms for the alignment and implementation of plans, better harnessing the strategic guiding role of national development plans, bolstering the basic role of territorial space plans, and reinforcing the supporting role of subject-specific plans and regional plans. We will also improve the system by which experts participate in decision-making on public issues.

圍繞實施國家發展規劃、重大戰略促進財政、貨幣、產業、價格、就業等政策協同發力，優化各類增量資源配置和存量結構調整。探索實行國家宏觀資產負債表管理。把經濟政策和非經濟性政策都納入宏觀政策取向一致性評估。健全預期管理機制。健全支撐高質量發展的統計指標覈算體系，加強新經濟新領域納統覆蓋。加強產業活動單位統計基礎建設，優化總部和分支機構統計辦法，逐步推廣經營主體活動發生地統計。健全國際宏觀政策協調機制。

To promote the implementation of national development plans and major strategies, we will foster greater synergy between our fiscal, monetary, industrial, pricing, and employment policies, improving the allocation of newly acquired resources and adjusting the mix of existing resources. We will explore the introduction of national macro balance sheet management. Both economic and non-economic policies will be evaluated to ensure that they are consistent with the macro policy orientation. The expectations management mechanism will be improved. We will refine the statistical indicators accounting system to better support high-quality development, expanding the coverage of statistics to include more new forms of economy and new sectors. We will promote the development of statistical infrastructure for industrial entities, optimize statistical methods for both headquarters and branches, and gradually work toward compiling statistics based on the places where market entities conduct their business activities. Steps will be taken to improve the mechanisms for international coordination on macro policies.

（17）深化財稅體制改革。健全預算制度，加強財政資源和預算統籌，把依託行政權力、政府信用、國有資源資產獲取的收入全部納入政府預算管理。完善國有資本經營預算和績效評價制度，強化國家重大戰略任務和基本民生財力保障。強化對預算編制和財政政策的宏觀指導。加強公共服務績效管理，強化事前功能評估。深化零基預算改革。統一預算分配權，提高預算管理統一性、規範性，完善預算公開和監督制度。完善權責發生制政府綜合財務報告制度。

(17) Deepening reform of the fiscal and tax systems

We will further improve the budget system and strengthen unified management of all fiscal resources and budgets. All revenues generated on the basis of the exercise of administrative power, government credit, and state-owned resources and assets will be placed under government budget management. We will improve the budgeting and performance assessment systems for state capital operations and strengthen fiscal support for major national strategic tasks and basic public wellbeing. We will enhance macro guidance on budgeting and fiscal policies. We will strengthen performance management for public services, with a focus on conducting ex ante evaluations of their functions. Reforms for zero-based budgeting will be advanced. We will unify budget allocation powers, make budget management more unified and standardized, and take steps to boost budget transparency and enhance budget oversight. We will improve the system for comprehensive government financial reporting based on accrual accounting.

健全有利於高質量發展、社會公平、市場統一的稅收制度，優化稅制結構。研究同新業態相適應的稅收制度。全面落實稅收法定原則，規範稅收優惠政策，完善對重點領域和關鍵環節支持機制。健全直接稅體系，完善綜合和分類相結合的個人所得稅制度，規範經營所得、資本所得、財產所得稅收政策，實行勞動性所得統一徵稅。深化稅收徵管改革。

The tax structure will be improved to make taxation systems more conducive to high-quality development, social fairness, and the building of a unified market. We will also look into approaches for better adapting these systems to new forms of business. Fully implementing the principle of legality of taxation, we will regulate policies on tax breaks and improve the support mechanisms for key sectors and links. We will refine the system of direct taxes, improve the personal income tax system which is based on both adjusted gross income and specific income types, regulate taxation policies on incomes generated from business operations, capital, and property, and unify tax rates for incomes earned through work. Reform of the tax collection and administration system will be deepened.

建立權責清晰、財力協調、區域均衡的中央和地方財政關係。增加地方自主財力，拓展地方稅源，適當擴大地方稅收管理權限。完善財政轉移支付體系，清理規範專項轉移支付，增加一般性轉移支付，提升市縣財力同事權相匹配程度。建立促進高質量發展轉移支付激勵約束機制。推進消費稅徵收環節後移並穩步下划地方，完善增值稅留抵退稅政策和抵扣鏈條，優化共享稅分享比例。研究把城市維護建設稅、教育費附加、地方教育附加合併為地方附加稅，授權地方在一定幅度內確定具體適用稅率。合理擴大地方政府專項債券支持範圍，適當擴大用作資本金的領域、規模、比例。完善政府債務管理制度，建立全口徑地方債務監測監管體系和防範化解隱性債務風險長效機制，加快地方融資平台改革轉型。規範非稅收入管理，適當下沈部分非稅收入管理權限，由地方結合實際差別化管理。

We will establish a fiscal relationship between the central and local governments that features well-defined powers and responsibilities and the appropriate allocation of resources, with an optimum balance between regions. To place more fiscal resources at the disposal of local governments, we will expand the sources of tax revenue at the local level and grant greater authority for tax management to local governments as appropriate. To improve the system of transfer payments, we will overhaul special transfer payments and increase the scale of general transfer payments. These will help ensure that the fiscal resources of prefecture- and county-level governments are commensurate with their powers. We will establish incentive and constraint mechanisms through transfer payments to promote high-quality development. We will take steps to move excise tax collection further down the production-to-consumption chain, with the power of collection steadily being passed to local governments. We will improve the value-added tax credit refund policy and free up the channels for making tax deductions. The ratio for taxes shared between the central and local governments will be optimized. We will look into rolling the urban maintenance and construction tax, education surcharges, and local education surcharges into one single local surtax. Local governments will have the authority to set the rate for this tax within a predetermined range. We will appropriately expand the scope of use for funds raised from the sale of local government special-purpose bonds, permitting a greater share of such funds to be used as capital in more sectors and on a larger scale. The systems for managing government debt will be improved. We will establish a system for monitoring and regulating all local government debt as well as long-term mechanisms for preventing and defusing hidden debt risks. We will move faster to reform and transform local government financing platforms. In regulating the management of non-tax revenue, we will delegate, as appropriate, some management authority to local governments and allow them to tailor their practices to local conditions.

適當加強中央事權、提高中央財政支出比例。中央財政事權原則上通過中央本級安排支出，減少委託地方代行的中央財政事權。不得違規要求地方安排配套資金，確需委託地方行使事權的，通過專項轉移支付安排資金。

The central government will hold more fiscal powers as appropriate and raise the proportion of central government expenditure accordingly. In principle, the expenditures commensurate with such powers should be allocated from the central government, and such powers to be delegated to local governments should be reduced. No requirements for supporting funds from local governments in violation of regulations shall be made. When it is necessary to delegate fiscal powers to local governments, the relevant funds should be arranged through special transfer payments.

（18）深化金融體制改革。加快完善中央銀行制度，暢通貨幣政策傳導機制。積極發展科技金融、綠色金融、普惠金融、養老金融、數字金融，加強對重大戰略、重點領域、薄弱環節的優質金融服務。完善金融機構定位和治理，健全服務實體經濟的激勵約束機制。發展多元股權融資，加快多層次債券市場發展，提高直接融資比重。優化國有金融資本管理體制。

(18) Deepening reform of the financial system

We will move faster to improve the central bank system and the monetary policy transmission mechanism. We will actively develop technology finance, green finance, inclusive finance, pension finance, and digital finance and work to ensure quality financial services for major strategies, key fields, and weak links. We will refine the role and governance of financial institutions and the incentive and constraint mechanisms for ensuring that they serve the real economy. We will diversify equity financing, step up the development of multilevel bond markets, and increase the proportion of direct financing. We will optimize the state-owned financial capital management system.

健全投資和融資相協調的資本市場功能，防風險、強監管，促進資本市場健康穩定發展。支持長期資金入市。提高上市公司質量，強化上市公司監管和退市制度。建立增強資本市場內在穩定性長效機制。完善大股東、實際控制人行為規範約束機制。完善上市公司分紅激勵約束機制。健全投資者保護機制。推動區域性股權市場規則對接、標準統一。

We will improve the functions of the capital market to give balanced weight to investment and financing. We will prevent risks and tighten regulation to promote the sound and stable development of the capital market. We will facilitate the entry of long-term capital into the market. We will improve the overall quality of listed companies, strengthen relevant regulation and delisting systems, and establish long-term mechanisms to enhance the underlying stability of the capital market. We will improve the mechanisms for regulating and constraining the behaviors of major shareholders and actual controllers. We will optimize dividend incentive and constraint mechanisms for listed companies and improve the mechanisms for protecting investors. We will encourage regional equity markets to align their rules and implement unified standards.

制定金融法。完善金融監管體系，依法將所有金融活動納入監管，強化監管責任和問責制度，加強中央和地方監管協同。建設安全高效的金融基礎設施，統一金融市場登記托管、結算清算規則制度，建立風險早期糾正硬約束制度，築牢有效防控系統性風險的金融穩定保障體系。健全金融消費者保護和打擊非法金融活動機制，構建產業資本和金融資本“防火牆”。推動金融高水平開放，穩慎扎實推進人民幣國際化，發展人民幣離岸市場。穩妥推進數字人民幣研發和應用。加快建設上海國際金融中心。

A financial law will be formulated. We will improve the financial regulatory system to ensure that all financial activities are placed under regulation in accordance with the law, strengthen regulatory responsibility and accountability systems, and improve regulatory coordination between the central and local levels. We will build secure and efficient financial infrastructure, unify the rules and systems for registration, custody, settlement, and liquidation for the financial market, establish binding constraints for defusing risks at an early stage, and build a robust system to effectively fend off and control systemic risks and ensure financial stability. We will improve the mechanisms for protecting financial consumers and cracking down on illegal financial activities and establish a firewall for industrial and financial capital. We will promote high-standard opening up of the financial sector, steadily and prudently advance the internationalization of the RMB, and develop offshore RMB markets. We will make steady progress in the R&D and application of digital RMB and move faster to build Shanghai into an international financial center.

完善准入前國民待遇加負面清單管理模式，支持符合條件的外資機構參與金融業務試點。穩慎拓展金融市場互聯互通，優化合格境外投資者制度。推進自主可控的跨境支付體系建設，強化開放條件下金融安全機制。建立統一的全口徑外債監管體系。積極參與國際金融治理。

We will improve the management model based on pre-establishment national treatment plus a negative list and support qualified foreign capital institutions in participating in our financial service trials. We will expand the connectivity between domestic and overseas financial markets in a steady and prudent way and improve the qualified foreign institutional investor system. We will push forward the development of a homegrown, controllable cross-border payment system and strengthen financial security mechanisms as we open our doors wider to the outside world. We will establish a system for the unified monitoring and oversight of all foreign debt. We will actively participate in international financial governance.

（19）完善實施區域協調發展戰略機制。構建優勢互補的區域經濟布局和國土空間體系。健全推動西部大開發形成新格局、東北全面振興取得新突破、中部地區加快崛起、東部地區加快推進現代化的制度和政策體系。推動京津冀、長三角、粵港澳大灣區等地區更好發揮高質量發展動力源作用，優化長江經濟帶發展、黃河流域生態保護和高質量發展機制。高標準高質量推進雄安新區建設。推動成渝地區雙城經濟圈建設走深走實。健全主體功能區制度體系，強化國土空間優化發展保障機制。完善區域一體化發展機制，構建跨行政區合作發展新機制，深化東中西部產業協作。完善促進海洋經濟發展體制機制。

(19) Improving mechanisms for implementing the coordinated regional development strategy

We will develop a regional economic layout and a territorial space system characterized by complementarity between different regions and territorial spaces. We will improve the institutional and policy frameworks for opening up a new vista in the large-scale development of the western region, achieving new breakthroughs in the full revitalization of the Northeast, accelerating the rise of the central region, and encouraging the eastern region to modernize more quickly. We will enable regions like the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area to better play their roles as engines of high-quality development and improve the mechanisms for the development of the Yangtze Economic Belt and the ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin. We will move forward with the high-standard and high-quality development of the Xiong’an New Area. We will push for solid progress in developing the Chengdu-Chongqing economic zone. We will improve the system of institutions for functional zoning and strengthen mechanisms to support optimal development of territorial spaces. We will improve integrated regional development mechanisms, build new mechanisms for cooperative development across administrative divisions, and deepen industrial collaboration between the eastern, central, and western regions. The institutions and mechanisms for promoting the development of the marine economy will be enhanced.

六、完善城鄉融合發展體制機制

VI. Promoting Integrated Urban-Rural Development

城鄉融合發展是中國式現代化的必然要求。必須統籌新型工業化、新型城鎮化和鄉村全面振興，全面提高城鄉規劃、建設、治理融合水平，促進城鄉要素平等交換、雙向流動，縮小城鄉差別，促進城鄉共同繁榮發展。

Integrated urban and rural development is essential to Chinese modernization. We must pursue coordinated progress in new industrialization, new urbanization, and all-around rural revitalization, facilitate greater urban-rural integration in planning, development, and governance across the board, and promote equal exchanges and two-way flows of production factors between urban and rural areas, so as to narrow the disparities between the two and promote their shared prosperity and development.

（20）健全推進新型城鎮化體制機制。構建產業升級、人口集聚、城鎮發展良性互動機制。推行由常住地登記戶口提供基本公共服務制度，推動符合條件的農業轉移人口社會保險、住房保障、隨遷子女義務教育等享有同遷入地戶籍人口同等權利，加快農業轉移人口市民化。保障進城落戶農民合法土地權益，依法維護進城落戶農民的土地承包權、宅基地使用權、集體收益分配權，探索建立自願有償退出的辦法。

(20) Improving the institutions and mechanisms for advancing new urbanization

We will put in place mechanisms to foster positive interactions between the processes of industrial upgrading, population concentration, and urban development. We will implement the systems for allowing people to obtain household registration and access basic public services in their place of permanent residence. We will push to see that eligible people who have moved to cities from rural areas enjoy the same rights as registered local residents with regard to social insurance, housing support, and access to compulsory education for their children living with them. The process of granting permanent urban residency to these people will also be accelerated. We will protect the lawful land rights and interests of former rural residents who now hold permanent urban residency, protect, in accordance with the law, their rights to contract rural land, to use their rural residential land, and to share in the proceeds from rural collective undertakings, and explore avenues to facilitate voluntary, paid transfers of these rights.

堅持人民城市人民建、人民城市為人民。健全城市規劃體系，引導大中小城市和小城鎮協調發展、集約緊湊布局。深化城市建設、運營、治理體制改革，加快轉變城市發展方式。推動形成超大特大城市智慧高效治理新體系，建立都市圈同城化發展體制機制。深化賦予特大鎮同人口和經濟規模相適應的經濟社會管理權改革。建立可持續的城市更新模式和政策法規，加強地下綜合管廊建設和老舊管線改造升級，深化城市安全韌性提升行動。

We will continue to follow the principle that cities should be built by the people and for the people. We will improve urban planning to see that cities of different sizes and small towns develop in coordination with each other to form efficient and closely knit layouts. We will deepen reform of the urban development, operation, and governance systems and step up efforts to change the development models of cities. We will work to create new systems for smart and efficient governance in super-large and mega cities and establish institutions and mechanisms for the highly-integrated development of cities in metropolitan areas. We will deepen reforms to grant super-large towns economic and social management rights that are commensurate with their populations and economic sizes. We will develop sustainable urban renewal models, along with relevant policies and regulations, and strengthen the building of underground utility tunnels and the upgrading of old pipelines. These efforts will help make our cities safer and more resilient.

（21）鞏固和完善農村基本經營制度。有序推進第二輪土地承包到期後再延長三十年試點，深化承包地所有權、承包權、經營權分置改革，發展農業適度規模經營。完善農業經營體系，完善承包地經營權流轉價格形成機制，促進農民合作經營，推動新型農業經營主體扶持政策同帶動農戶增收掛鈎。健全便捷高效的農業社會化服務體系。發展新型農村集體經濟，構建產權明晰、分配合理的運行機制，賦予農民更加充分的財產權益。

(21) Consolidating and improving the basic rural operation system

We will move forward with well-organized trials to extend rural land contracts by another 30 years upon the expiration of the second-round contracts, deepen the reform to separate the ownership rights, contract rights, and management rights of contracted land, and develop appropriately scaled agricultural operations. We will improve the framework for agricultural operations and refine the pricing mechanism for the transfer of contracted land management rights. We will encourage farmers to engage in cooperative operations and see that our policies for supporting new types of agribusiness serve to increase rural incomes. We will develop a system of convenient and efficient commercial agricultural services. We will develop new types of rural collective economies, establish related operating mechanisms featuring clearly defined property rights and rational income distribution, and ensure that farmers enjoy more adequate property rights and interests.

（22）完善強農惠農富農支持制度。堅持農業農村優先發展，完善鄉村振興投入機制。壯大縣域富民產業，構建多元化食物供給體系，培育鄉村新產業新業態。優化農業補貼政策體系，發展多層次農業保險。完善覆蓋農村人口的常態化防止返貧致貧機制，建立農村低收入人口和欠發達地區分層分類幫扶制度。健全脫貧攻堅國家投入形成資產的長效管理機制。運用“千萬工程”經驗，健全推動鄉村全面振興長效機制。

(22) Improving supporting systems to strengthen agriculture, benefit farmers, and enrich rural areas

Continuing to prioritize agricultural and rural development, we will improve the investment mechanisms for rural revitalization. We will work to expand county industries that benefit local people, build a diversified food supply system, and foster new industries and new forms of business in rural areas. We will optimize the system of agricultural subsidy policies and develop multi-tiered agricultural insurance schemes. We will refine the regular mechanisms for preventing rural residents from lapsing or relapsing into poverty and establish a system of multi-tiered and categorized support for low-income rural residents and underdeveloped areas. We will improve the long-term mechanisms for managing assets formed with government inputs in the process of poverty alleviation. Applying the experience gained from the Green Rural Revival Program in Zhejiang Province, we will refine the long-term mechanisms for promoting all-around rural revitalization.

加快健全種糧農民收益保障機制，推動糧食等重要農產品價格保持在合理水平。統籌建立糧食產銷區省際橫向利益補償機制，在主產區利益補償上邁出實質步伐。統籌推進糧食購銷和儲備管理體制機制改革，建立監管新模式。健全糧食和食物節約長效機制。

We will work faster to improve the mechanisms for ensuring the incomes of grain growers and see that the prices of grain and other major agricultural products remain at a reasonable level. We will coordinate efforts to establish an inter-provincial mechanism for major grain-purchasing areas to compensate major grain-producing areas so as to make substantive headway in incentivizing the latter. We will make coordinated progress in reforming the institutions and mechanisms related to the purchase and sale of grain and the management of grain reserves and develop new regulatory models in this regard. The long-term mechanisms for conserving grain and other types of food will be improved.

（23）深化土地制度改革。改革完善耕地佔補平衡制度，各類耕地佔用納入統一管理，完善補充耕地質量驗收機制，確保達到平衡標準。完善高標準農田建設、驗收、管護機制。健全保障耕地用於種植基本農作物管理體系。允許農戶合法擁有的住房通過出租、入股、合作等方式盤活利用。有序推進農村集體經營性建設用地入市改革，健全土地增值收益分配機制。

(23) Deepening reform of the land system

We will reform and refine the system for offsetting cultivated land that has been put to other uses, manage all types of arable land occupation in a unified manner, and improve the acceptance inspection mechanism to make sure that newly-added arable land is of an equivalent quantity and quality. We will improve the mechanisms for developing, verifying, managing, and protecting high-standard cropland. We will refine the management system for ensuring that arable land is used for planting basic crops. We will allow rural households to put houses under their legal ownership to good use by leasing them out, contributing them in the form of shares, and engaging in cooperative ventures. We will promote orderly reforms for market-based transfers of rural collective land designated for business construction and improve the mechanisms for distributing returns realized from the appreciation of land.

優化土地管理，健全同宏觀政策和區域發展高效銜接的土地管理制度，優先保障主導產業、重大項目合理用地，使優勢地區有更大發展空間。建立新增城鎮建設用地指標配置同常住人口增加協調機制。探索國家集中墾造耕地定向用於特定項目和地區落實佔補平衡機制。優化城市工商業土地利用，加快發展建設用地二級市場，推動土地混合開發利用、用途合理轉換，盤活存量土地和低效用地。開展各類產業園區用地專項治理。制定工商業用地使用權延期和到期後續期政策。

We will optimize land management, refining relevant systems so that they are efficiently aligned with macro policies and regional development needs. We will give priority to the reasonable land needs of leading industries and major projects, with a view to creating greater development space for regions with competitive edge. We will establish a coordination mechanism to link increases in urban construction land quotas for cities with the growth of their permanent residents. We will explore mechanisms for using contiguous land that has been reclaimed and upgraded by the government to offset arable land being used by specific projects and regions. We will optimize land use for urban industry and commerce and accelerate the development of the secondary market for construction land. We will promote mixed land development and use and allow for changes in land use purposes when appropriate, ensuring that idle and inefficiently used land can be put to better use. Targeted steps will be taken to address land use problems in various types of industrial parks. Policies will be formulated for extending land use rights for industrial and commercial purposes and for renewing them upon expiration.

七、完善高水平對外開放體制機制

VII. Pursuing High-Standard Opening Up

開放是中國式現代化的鮮明標識。必須堅持對外開放基本國策，堅持以開放促改革，依託我國超大規模市場優勢，在擴大國際合作中提升開放能力，建設更高水平開放型經濟新體制。

Opening up is a defining feature of Chinese modernization. We must remain committed to the basic state policy of opening to the outside world and continue to promote reform through opening up. Leveraging the strengths of China’s enormous market, we will enhance our capacity for opening up while expanding international cooperation and develop new institutions for a higher-standard open economy.

（24）穩步擴大制度型開放。主動對接國際高標準經貿規則，在產權保護、產業補貼、環境標準、勞動保護、政府採購、電子商務、金融領域等實現規則、規制、管理、標準相通相容，打造透明穩定可預期的制度環境。擴大自主開放，有序擴大我國商品市場、服務市場、資本市場、勞務市場等對外開放，擴大對最不發達國家單邊開放。深化援外體制機制改革，實現全鏈條管理。

(24) Steadily expanding institutional opening up

We will promote alignment with high-standard international economic and trade rules and harmonize rules, regulations, management, and standards relating to property rights protection, industrial subsidies, environmental standards, labor protection, government procurement, e-commerce, the financial sector, and other areas, in an effort to create an institutional environment that is transparent, stable, and predictable. We will seize the initiative by opening China’s commodity, services, capital, and labor markets wider to the outside world in an orderly manner and unilaterally opening our doors wider to the world’s least developed countries. We will further reform institutions and mechanisms for foreign aid to realize full-chain management.

維護以世界貿易組織為核心的多邊貿易體制，積極參與全球經濟治理體系改革，提供更多全球公共產品。擴大面向全球的高標準自由貿易區網絡，建立同國際通行規則銜接的合規機制，優化開放合作環境。

We will safeguard the WTO-centered multilateral trading system, actively participate in the reform of global economic governance, and provide more global public goods. We will expand our globally-oriented network of high-standard free trade areas, establish compliance mechanisms that are aligned with prevailing international rules, and optimize the environment for opening up and cooperation.

（25）深化外貿體制改革。強化貿易政策和財稅、金融、產業政策協同，打造貿易強國制度支撐和政策支持體系，加快內外貿一體化改革，積極應對貿易數字化、綠色化趨勢。推進通關、稅務、外匯等監管創新，營造有利於新業態新模式發展的制度環境。創新發展數字貿易，推進跨境電商綜合試驗區建設。建設大宗商品交易中心，建設全球集散分撥中心，支持各類主體有序布局海外流通設施，支持有條件的地區建設國際物流樞紐中心和大宗商品資源配置樞紐。健全貿易風險防控機制，完善出口管制體系和貿易救濟制度。

(25) Deepening the foreign trade structural reform

We will better coordinate trade policies with fiscal, tax, financial, and industrial policies, create a set of systems and policies to support efforts to build China into a strong trading nation, step up reforms to integrate domestic and foreign trade, and actively respond to the trends of digital and green trade. We will develop new regulatory approaches for customs clearance, taxation, and foreign exchange and foster an institutional environment that is conducive to the development of new models and forms of trade. We will develop digital trade in an innovative manner and promote the development of integrated pilot zones for cross-border e-commerce. We will build commodity trading centers and global distribution centers, support various types of entities in developing logistics facilities overseas in a well-ordered way, and facilitate the development of international logistics hubs, as well as hubs for the distribution of commodities and resources, in areas where conditions allow. The mechanisms for preventing and controlling trade risks will be improved, and our export control framework and trade remedy system will be refined.

創新提升服務貿易，全面實施跨境服務貿易負面清單，推進服務業擴大開放綜合試點示範，鼓勵專業服務機構提升國際化服務能力。加快推進離岸貿易發展，發展新型離岸國際貿易業務。建立健全跨境金融服務體系，豐富金融產品和服務供給。

We will adopt innovative measures to boost trade in services and fully apply the negative list for cross-border trade in services. We will promote comprehensive trials and demonstrations for expanding opening up of the service sector and encourage specialized service organizations to enhance their capacity for providing international services. We will work faster to promote offshore trade and develop new types of transactions in offshore international trade. We will set up sound systems for cross-border financial services and diversify the supply of financial products and services.

（26）深化外商投資和對外投資管理體制改革。營造市場化、法治化、國際化一流營商環境，依法保護外商投資權益。擴大鼓勵外商投資產業目錄，合理縮減外資准入負面清單，落實全面取消製造業領域外資准入限制措施，推動電信、互聯網、教育、文化、醫療等領域有序擴大開放。深化外商投資促進體制機制改革，保障外資企業在要素獲取、資質許可、標準制定、政府採購等方面的國民待遇，支持參與產業鏈上下游配套協作。完善境外人員入境居住、醫療、支付等生活便利制度。完善促進和保障對外投資體制機制，健全對外投資管理服務體系，推動產業鏈供應鏈國際合作。

(26) Further reforming the management systems for inward and outward investment

We will foster a first-rate business environment that is market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized and protect the rights and interests of foreign investors in accordance with the law. We will expand the catalog of encouraged industries for foreign investment, appropriately shorten the negative list for foreign investment, remove all market access restrictions in the manufacturing sector, and promote wider opening with regard to telecommunications, the internet, education, culture, medical services, and other sectors in a well-conceived way. We will further reform the institutions and mechanisms for promoting foreign investment, ensure national treatment for foreign-funded enterprises in terms of access to factors of production, license application, standards setting, and government procurement, and support them in collaborating with upstream and downstream enterprises in industrial chains. We will improve relevant measures to make it more convenient for people from outside the mainland to live, receive medical services, and make payments on the mainland. We will refine the institutions and mechanisms for promoting and protecting Chinese investment abroad, improve the management and service systems for outward investment, and facilitate international cooperation in industrial and supply chains.

（27）優化區域開放布局。鞏固東部沿海地區開放先導地位，提高中西部和東北地區開放水平，加快形成陸海內外聯動、東西雙向互濟的全面開放格局。發揮沿海、沿邊、沿江和交通幹線等優勢，優化區域開放功能分工，打造形態多樣的開放高地。實施自由貿易試驗區提升戰略，鼓勵首創性、集成式探索。加快建設海南自由貿易港。

(27) Optimizing the layout for regional opening up

We will consolidate the leading role of eastern coastal areas in our opening up endeavors, promote further opening up in the central, western, and northeastern regions, and move faster toward all-around opening up through links running eastward and westward, across land, and over sea. To leverage the strengths of areas along the coasts, borders, rivers, and major transportation routes, we will optimize the division of functions for opening up among different regions in order to develop a diverse array of pacesetters for opening up. We will implement the strategy for upgrading pilot free trade zones and encourage these zones to engage in pioneering and integrated explorations. The development of the Hainan Free Trade Port will be accelerated.

發揮“一國兩制”制度優勢，鞏固提升香港國際金融、航運、貿易中心地位，支持香港、澳門打造國際高端人才集聚高地，健全香港、澳門在國家對外開放中更好發揮作用機制。深化粵港澳大灣區合作，強化規則銜接、機制對接。完善促進兩岸經濟文化交流合作制度和政策，深化兩岸融合發展。

Harnessing the institutional strengths of the One Country, Two Systems policy, we will work to consolidate and enhance Hong Kong’s status as an international financial, shipping, and trade center, support Hong Kong and Macao in building themselves into international hubs for high-caliber talent, and improve relevant mechanisms to see the two regions playing a greater role in China’s opening to the outside world. We will encourage cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao in the Greater Bay Area by promoting closer alignment of rules and mechanisms. We will improve relevant institutions and policies to promote economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation across the Taiwan Strait and advance integrated cross-Strait development.

（28）完善推進高質量共建“一帶一路”機制。繼續實施“一帶一路”科技創新行動計劃，加強綠色發展、數字經濟、人工智能、能源、稅收、金融、減災等領域的多邊合作平台建設。完善陸海天網一體化布局，構建“一帶一路”立體互聯互通網絡。統籌推進重大標誌性工程和“小而美”民生項目。

(28) Improving the mechanisms for high-quality cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative

We will continue to implement the Belt and Road Science, Technology, and Innovation Cooperation Action Plan and redouble efforts to develop multilateral platforms for cooperation in green development, the digital economy, artificial intelligence, energy, taxation, finance, disaster mitigation, and other areas. We will work to improve the integrated framework for land, sea, air, and cyberspace connectivity and build a multidimensional network to connect countries along the Belt and Road. We will make coordinated efforts to advance both major signature projects and “small but beautiful” public welfare projects.

八、健全全過程人民民主制度體系

VIII. Advancing Whole-Process People’s Democracy

發展全過程人民民主是中國式現代化的本質要求。必須堅定不移走中國特色社會主義政治發展道路，堅持和完善我國根本政治制度、基本政治制度、重要政治制度，豐富各層級民主形式，把人民當家作主具體、現實體現到國家政治生活和社會生活各方面。

Developing whole-process people’s democracy is integral to Chinese modernization. We must firmly stay on the path of socialist political advancement with Chinese characteristics and uphold and improve our country’s foundational, basic, and important political systems. We will develop diverse forms of democracy at all levels and ensure that the principle of the people running the country is manifested in concrete and visible ways in all aspects of China’s political and social activities.

（29）加強人民當家作主制度建設。堅持好、完善好、運行好人民代表大會制度。健全人大對行政機關、監察機關、審判機關、檢察機關監督制度，完善監督法及其實施機制，強化人大預算決算審查監督和國有資產管理、政府債務管理監督。健全人大議事規則和論證、評估、評議、聽證制度。豐富人大代表聯繫人民群眾的內容和形式。健全吸納民意、匯集民智工作機制。發揮工會、共青團、婦聯等群團組織聯繫服務群眾的橋梁紐帶作用。

(29) Strengthening the institutions through which the people run the country

We must uphold, improve, and implement the system of people’s congresses to good effect. We will improve the systems under which the people’s congresses conduct oversight of the administrative, supervisory, adjudicatory, and procuratorial organs, refine the Law on the Oversight by the Standing Committees of People’s Congresses at All Levels and the mechanisms for its implementation, and strengthen the examination and oversight of government budgets and final accounts by people’s congresses as well as their oversight of state-owned asset and government debt management. We will improve the rules of procedure for people’s congresses and their debate, assessment, discussion, and hearing systems. We will see that deputies to people’s congresses reach out to the public on a greater variety of issues and in more diverse ways and enhance the working mechanisms for drawing on public opinion and pooling the wisdom of the people. The roles of people’s organizations, such as trade unions, Chinese Communist Youth League organizations, and women’s federations, will be brought into play in connecting with and serving the people.

（30）健全協商民主機制。發揮人民政協作為專門協商機構作用，健全深度協商互動、意見充分表達、廣泛凝聚共識的機制，加強人民政協反映社情民意、聯繫群眾、服務人民機制建設。完善人民政協民主監督機制。

(30) Improving the mechanisms for consultative democracy

We will give play to the role of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) as a specialized consultative body. We will refine the mechanisms that enable in-depth consultations and interactions, the full expression of opinions, and the formation of broad consensus. We will strengthen the mechanisms through which the CPPCC reports on social conditions and public opinions, stays in contact with the people, and provides them with services. Moves will also be made to refine the mechanisms that facilitate democratic oversight by the CPPCC.

完善協商民主體系，豐富協商方式，健全政黨協商、人大協商、政府協商、政協協商、人民團體協商、基層協商以及社會組織協商制度化平台，加強各種協商渠道協同配合。健全協商於決策之前和決策實施之中的落實機制，完善協商成果採納、落實、反饋機制。

The system of consultative democracy will be improved, with the introduction of more diverse forms of consultation. We will enhance the institutional platforms through which consultations are carried out by political parties, people’s congresses, government departments, CPPCC committees, people’s organizations, communities, and social organizations, and strengthen coordination between the various channels of consultation. We will improve the mechanisms for conducting consultations prior to decision making and during the implementation of decisions. Improvements will also be made to the mechanisms for adopting, implementing, and providing feedback on the consultation outcomes.

（31）健全基層民主制度。健全基層黨組織領導的基層群眾自治機制，完善基層民主制度體系和工作體系，拓寬基層各類組織和群眾有序參與基層治理渠道。完善辦事公開制度。健全以職工代表大會為基本形式的企事業單位民主管理制度，完善企業職工參與管理的有效形式。

(31) Enhancing democracy at the primary level

We will improve the mechanisms for conducting community-level self-governance under the leadership of Party organizations at the primary level. We will refine the institutional and working systems for primary-level democracy and create more channels to allow for the well-ordered participation of various primary-level organizations and local people in the governance of their communities. We will enhance the institutions for keeping the public informed. We will improve the democratic management systems in enterprises and public institutions, which generally take the form of workers’ congresses. In addition, more effective ways will be developed to ensure that enterprise employees can participate in management.

（32）完善大統戰工作格局。完善發揮統一戰線凝聚人心、匯聚力量政治作用的政策舉措。堅持好、發展好、完善好中國新型政黨制度。更好發揮黨外人士作用，健全黨外代表人士隊伍建設制度。制定民族團結進步促進法，健全鑄牢中華民族共同體意識制度機制，增強中華民族凝聚力。系統推進我國宗教中國化，加強宗教事務治理法治化。完善黨外知識分子和新的社會階層人士政治引領機制。全面構建親清政商關係，健全促進非公有制經濟健康發展、非公有制經濟人士健康成長工作機制。完善港澳台和僑務工作機制。

(32) Building a broad united front

We will improve the policies and measures for facilitating the united front’s political role in rallying the support of the people and pooling their strength. We will uphold, develop, and improve China’s new type of political party system. We will see that people from outside the Party can better play their roles and improve the systems for building up the ranks of non-CPC representatives. A law on promoting ethnic solidarity and progress will be formulated, and we will take steps to improve the institutions and mechanisms for forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation so as to further strengthen our national cohesion. We will make systematic efforts to ensure that religions in China are Chinese in orientation and establish a more solid legal footing for the governance of religious affairs. We will improve the mechanisms for providing political guidance to non-CPC intellectuals and people from emerging social groups. We will continue working to cultivate a cordial and clean relationship between government and business across the board and improve the working mechanisms for facilitating the healthy development of the non-public sector and those working in it. We will refine the mechanisms for work related to Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and overseas Chinese affairs.

九、完善中國特色社會主義法治體系

IX. Promoting Socialist Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics

法治是中國式現代化的重要保障。必須全面貫徹實施憲法，維護憲法權威，協同推進立法、執法、司法、守法各環節改革，健全法律面前人人平等保障機制，弘揚社會主義法治精神，維護社會公平正義，全面推進國家各方面工作法治化。

The rule of law provides an important guarantee for Chinese modernization. We must ensure full implementation of the Constitution and uphold its authority, coordinate the reforms to promote sound legislation, law enforcement, administration of justice, and observance of the law, and improve the mechanisms for ensuring that all are equal before the law, so as to promote socialist rule of law, uphold social fairness and justice, and see that all work of the state is carried out under the rule of law.

（33）深化立法領域改革。完善以憲法為核心的中國特色社會主義法律體系，健全保證憲法全面實施制度體系，建立憲法實施情況報告制度。完善黨委領導、人大主導、政府依託、各方參與的立法工作格局。統籌立改廢釋纂，加強重點領域、新興領域、涉外領域立法，完善合憲性審查、備案審查制度，提高立法質量。探索區域協同立法。健全黨內法規同國家法律法規銜接協調機制。建設全國統一的法律法規和規範性文件信息平台。

(33) Deepening reforms in legislation

The socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics centered on the Constitution will be improved. We will refine the systems for ensuring full implementation of the Constitution and establish a system for reporting on its implementation. We will improve the legislative framework under which Party committees exercise leadership, people’s congresses play a principal role, government departments provide support, and various sectors of society get involved. We will make sure that steps to enact, revise, abolish, interpret, and codify laws are well-coordinated and work to bolster legislation in key, emerging, and foreign-related areas. We will improve both the constitutional review system and the record and review system for normative documents. These efforts will ensure that the quality of legislation further improves. We will explore cross-regional collaboration on legislation. We will improve mechanisms for aligning and coordinating Party rules and regulations with state laws and regulations. A unified national information platform for laws, regulations, and other normative documents will be created.

（34）深入推進依法行政。推進政府機構、職能、權限、程序、責任法定化，促進政務服務標準化、規範化、便利化，完善覆蓋全國的一體化在線政務服務平台。完善重大決策、規範性文件合法性審查機制。加強政府立法審查。深化行政執法體制改革，完善基層綜合執法體制機制，健全行政執法監督體制機制。完善行政處罰等領域行政裁量權基準制度，推動行政執法標準跨區域銜接。完善行政處罰和刑事處罰雙向銜接制度。健全行政復議體制機制。完善行政裁決制度。完善垂直管理體制和地方分級管理體制，健全垂直管理機構和地方協作配合機制。穩妥推進人口小縣機構優化。深化開發區管理制度改革。優化事業單位結構布局，強化公益性。

(34) Advancing law-based government administration

We will keep working to establish a sound legal footing for government institutions, functions, powers, procedures, and responsibilities. We will make government services more standardized, procedure-based, and accessible and improve the integrated national online platform for government services. We will improve the legality review mechanism for major decisions and normative documents and conduct a more thorough review of the legislative work of the government. We will push forward with structural reforms regarding administrative law enforcement, improving institutions and mechanisms for coordinated law enforcement at the community level and for conducting oversight over enforcement. We will refine the system of standards on administrative discretion for matters such as administrative penalties and work to align the administrative law enforcement standards of different regions. Improvements will be made to the system for coordinating administrative and criminal penalties, the institutions and mechanisms for administrative reconsideration, and the administrative adjudication system. We will refine both the vertical management system and the tiered management system at the local level to promote closer coordination and collaboration between institutions under vertical management and local governments. Prudent steps will be taken to optimize the institutions in counties with small populations. We will further reform the management system in development zones. We will improve the structure and layout of public institutions to ensure that they better serve the public interest.

（35）健全公正執法司法體制機制。健全監察機關、公安機關、檢察機關、審判機關、司法行政機關各司其職，監察權、偵查權、檢察權、審判權、執行權相互配合、相互制約的體制機制，確保執法司法各環節全過程在有效制約監督下運行。深化審判權和執行權分離改革，健全國家執行體制，強化當事人、檢察機關和社會公眾對執行活動的全程監督。完善執法司法救濟保護制度，完善國家賠償制度。深化和規範司法公開，落實和完善司法責任制。規範專門法院設置。深化行政案件級別管轄、集中管轄、異地管轄改革。構建協同高效的警務體制機制，推進地方公安機關機構編制管理改革，繼續推進民航公安機關和海關緝私部門管理體制改革。規範警務輔助人員管理制度。

(35) Improving the institutions and mechanisms for impartial law enforcement and administration of justice

We will refine the institutions and mechanisms for ensuring that supervisory organs, public security organs, procuratorates, courts, and administrative departments for justice all fulfill their respective functions and that powers of supervision, investigation, procuratorate, adjudication, and enforcement complement and constrain each other. This will ensure that law enforcement and judicial activities are subject to effective checks and oversight at every link and stage in the process. We will deepen the reforms to separate adjudicatory and enforcement powers, improve the national system for law enforcement, and see that the parties concerned, the procuratorates, and the public exercise oversight throughout the process of enforcement activities. We will improve the system for providing legal remedies and protection during the course of law enforcement and judicial activities as well as the system for granting state compensation. We will increase the transparency of judicial work and improve relevant procedures. We will also enforce and enhance judicial accountability. The establishment of special courts will be regulated. We will further the reforms related to the jurisdiction of administrative cases where jurisdiction is defined by subject matter, exercised in a centralized manner, or established in another region. We will develop institutions and mechanisms for coordinated, efficient policing, advance the reform of staffing management in public security organs at the local level, and continue to reform the management systems in the civil aviation public security organs and the anti-smuggling departments of customs authorities. We will standardize the management of police auxiliaries.

堅持正確人權觀，加強人權執法司法保障，完善事前審查、事中監督、事後糾正等工作機制，完善涉及公民人身權利強制措施以及查封、扣押、凍結等強制措施的制度，依法查處利用職權徇私枉法、非法拘禁、刑訊逼供等犯罪行為。推進刑事案件律師辯護全覆蓋。建立輕微犯罪記錄封存制度。

Adhering to the correct outlook on human rights, we will provide more effective human rights protection through law enforcement and administration of justice. We will improve the working mechanisms for ex ante review, ongoing oversight, and ex post redress and refine the system for coercive measures that concern the personal rights of citizens as well as the sealing, sequestering, and freezing of assets. We will investigate and prosecute, in accordance with the law, the abuse of power to bend the law for personal gain, illegal detention, the use of torture to extort confessions, and other similar offences. We will see that lawyer defense is provided in all criminal cases and introduce a system to seal records for minor offences.

（36）完善推進法治社會建設機制。健全覆蓋城鄉的公共法律服務體系，深化律師制度、公證體制、仲裁制度、調解制度、司法鑒定管理體制改革。改進法治宣傳教育，完善以實踐為導向的法學院校教育培養機制。加強和改進未成年人權益保護，強化未成年人犯罪預防和治理，制定專門矯治教育規定。

(36) Improving the mechanisms for building a law-based society

We will improve the public legal services system covering both urban and rural populations and further reform the systems related to lawyers, notarization, arbitration, mediation, and forensic evidence management. We will adopt more effective methods to raise public awareness of the rule of law and refine the practice-oriented approach to law school education. We will better protect the rights and interests of minors, step up efforts to prevent and control juvenile delinquency, and formulate special regulations on correction and education.

（37）加強涉外法治建設。建立一體推進涉外立法、執法、司法、守法和法律服務、法治人才培養的工作機制。完善涉外法律法規體系和法治實施體系，深化執法司法國際合作。完善涉外民事法律關係中當事人依法約定管轄、選擇適用域外法等司法審判制度。健全國際商事仲裁和調解制度，培育國際一流仲裁機構、律師事務所。積極參與國際規則制定。

(37) Strengthening the rule of law in foreign-related affairs

We will establish mechanisms for taking a holistic approach to promoting legislation, law enforcement, administration of justice, observance of the law, legal services, and the training of legal professionals for foreign-related affairs. We will improve the system of foreign-related laws and regulations and the systems for enforcing the rule of law and work to deepen international cooperation in law enforcement and administration of justice. We will refine the judicial system that allows the parties in foreign-related civil lawsuits to lawfully enter into jurisdictional agreements and choose applicable extraterritorial laws. We will improve the arbitration and mediation system for international commercial disputes and cultivate world-class arbitration organizations and law firms. We will actively participate in the formulation of international rules.

十、深化文化體制機制改革

X. Deepening Reform in the Cultural Sector

中國式現代化是物質文明和精神文明相協調的現代化。必須增強文化自信，發展社會主義先進文化，弘揚革命文化，傳承中華優秀傳統文化，加快適應信息技術迅猛發展新形勢，培育形成規模宏大的優秀文化人才隊伍，激發全民族文化創新創造活力。

Chinese modernization is the modernization of material and cultural-ethical advancement. We must boost our cultural confidence and work to develop advanced socialist culture, promote revolutionary culture, and carry forward fine traditional Chinese culture. We must move faster to stay abreast of new dramatic developments in information technology, cultivate a vast pool of talented personnel in the field of culture, and ignite the cultural creativity of the entire nation.

（38）完善意識形態工作責任制。健全用黨的創新理論武裝全黨、教育人民、指導實踐工作體系，完善黨委（黨組）理論學習中心組學習制度，完善思想政治工作體系。創新馬克思主義理論研究和建設工程，實施哲學社會科學創新工程，構建中國哲學社會科學自主知識體系。完善新聞發言人制度。構建適應全媒體生產傳播工作機制和評價體系，推進主流媒體系統性變革。完善輿論引導機制和輿情應對協同機制。

(38) Improving the responsibility system for ideological work

We will refine the working systems for arming all Party members, educating the people, and guiding our practice with the Party’s new theories. We will improve the system under which the theoretical study groups of Party committees (leading Party members groups) hold regular study sessions, as well as the system for theoretical and political work. We will develop new approaches in the project to study and develop Marxist theory and promote innovation in philosophy and social sciences with a view to building a Chinese intellectual system in this field. We will improve the spokesperson system, develop content production and communication mechanisms as well as assessment systems for all forms of media, and promote a systemic transformation in mainstream media. We will improve the mechanisms for guiding public opinion and coordinating responses to public opinion incidents.

推動理想信念教育常態化制度化。完善培育和踐行社會主義核心價值觀制度機制。改進創新文明培育、文明實踐、文明創建工作機制。實施文明鄉風建設工程。優化英模人物宣傳學習機制，創新愛國主義教育和各類群眾性主題活動組織機制，推動全社會崇尚英雄、緬懷先烈、爭做先鋒。構建中華傳統美德傳承體系，健全社會公德、職業道德、家庭美德、個人品德建設體制機制，健全誠信建設長效機制，教育引導全社會自覺遵守法律、遵循公序良俗，堅決反對拜金主義、享樂主義、極端個人主義和歷史虛無主義。形成網上思想道德教育分眾化、精准化實施機制。建立健全道德領域突出問題協同治理機制，完善“掃黃打非”長效機制。

Activities to foster ideals and convictions will be carried out on a regular and institutionalized basis. We will enhance the systems and mechanisms for cultivating and practicing the core socialist values. We will improve and innovate working mechanisms for raising awareness, applying principles, and developing initiatives aimed at promoting cultural-ethical progress. We will launch projects to enhance social etiquette and civility in rural areas. We will refine the mechanisms for publicizing heroes and role models and encouraging people to learn from them and work to develop new mechanisms for promoting patriotism and organizing themed public activities, in an effort to create a social atmosphere in which people look up to heroes, pay tribute to martyrs, and strive to become pioneers. We will establish a system for carrying forward traditional Chinese virtues and improve the institutions and mechanisms for cultivating social morality, work ethics, family values, and personal integrity. We will refine the long-term mechanisms for promoting integrity and credibility and provide public education and guidance so that all members of society readily abide by the law and respect public order and moral standards. We will take firm steps to oppose money worship, hedonism, egocentricity, and historical nihilism. We will develop mechanisms to provide online theoretical and ethical education in a differentiated and targeted manner. We will establish better mechanisms for addressing serious ethical problems in a coordinated way and improve the long-term mechanisms for combating pornography and illegal publications.

（39）優化文化服務和文化產品供給機制。完善公共文化服務體系，建立優質文化資源直達基層機制，健全社會力量參與公共文化服務機制，推進公共文化設施所有權和使用權分置改革。深化文化領域國資國企改革，分類推進文化事業單位深化內部改革，完善文藝院團建設發展機制。

(39) Refining the mechanisms for supplying cultural services and products

We will improve the system of public cultural services, establishing mechanisms for channeling quality cultural resources directly to the community level, improving the mechanisms through which nongovernmental actors participate in the supply of public cultural services, and advancing reforms to separate the ownership and use rights for public cultural facilities. In the cultural sector, we will continue with the reform of state capital and SOEs, deepen the internal reform of public institutions on a categorized basis, and improve the mechanisms for developing theater troupes.

堅持以人民為中心的創作導向，堅持出成果和出人才相結合、抓作品和抓環境相貫通，改進文藝創作生產服務、引導、組織工作機制。健全文化產業體系和市場體系，完善文化經濟政策。探索文化和科技融合的有效機制，加快發展新型文化業態。深化文化領域行政審批備案制度改革，加強事中事後監管。深化文娛領域綜合治理。

We will remain committed to people-centered cultural creation and stay focused on both literary and artistic production and talent cultivation, and on both producing fine works and fostering a favorable environment for creation. On this basis, we will improve the working mechanisms for serving, guiding, and organizing literary and artistic creation and production. We will refine the systems for cultural industries and markets as well as economic policies concerning the development of the cultural sector. We will explore effective mechanisms for integrating culture with science and technology and step up our efforts to foster new forms of cultural business. We will further reform the systems for culture-related government review and approval and record keeping so as to strengthen ongoing and ex post oversight. Comprehensive governance of the cultural and recreational industries will be advanced.

建立文化遺產保護傳承工作協調機構，建立文化遺產保護督察制度，推動文化遺產系統性保護和統一監管。構建中華文明標識體系。健全文化和旅遊深度融合發展體制機制。完善全民健身公共服務體系，改革完善競技體育管理體制和運行機制。

We will establish coordination agencies for preserving and passing down our cultural heritage and put in place an inspection system for cultural heritage protection to facilitate systematic protection and unified supervision. We will institute a system of the defining symbols of Chinese culture and refine institutions and mechanisms for promoting the full integration of culture and tourism. We will improve the public fitness services system and carry out reforms to refine the management systems and operating mechanisms for competitive sports.

（40）健全網絡綜合治理體系。深化網絡管理體制改革，整合網絡內容建設和管理職能，推進新聞宣傳和網絡輿論一體化管理。完善生成式人工智能發展和管理機制。加強網絡空間法治建設，健全網絡生態治理長效機制，健全未成年人網絡保護工作體系。

(40) Improving the system for comprehensive cyberspace governance

We will deepen reform of the internet management system, combine the functions of online content development and management, and promote integrated management of media communication and online public opinion. We will improve the mechanisms for developing and managing generative artificial intelligence. We will step up the law-based governance of cyberspace, improve the long-term governance mechanisms for the online environment, and refine the system for protecting minors in cyberspace.

（41）構建更有效力的國際傳播體系。推進國際傳播格局重構，深化主流媒體國際傳播機制改革創新，加快構建多渠道、立體式對外傳播格局。加快構建中國話語和中國敘事體系，全面提升國際傳播效能。建設全球文明倡議踐行機制。推動走出去、請進來管理便利化，擴大國際人文交流合作。

(41) Establishing a more effective international communication system

We will move ahead with restructuring China’s international communication framework and deepen the reform and innovation of our mainstream media’s international communication mechanisms in a bid to accelerate the development of a multi-channel and multi-dimensional architecture. We will move faster to develop China’s discourse and narrative systems with a view to making our international communication more effective. Mechanisms for promoting the implementation of the Global Civilization Initiative will be established. We will work to facilitate both outbound and inbound visits to promote broader international people-to-people exchanges and cooperation.

十一、健全保障和改善民生制度體系

XI. Ensuring and Improving the People’s Wellbeing

在發展中保障和改善民生是中國式現代化的重大任務。必須堅持盡力而為、量力而行，完善基本公共服務制度體系，加強普惠性、基礎性、兜底性民生建設，解決好人民最關心最直接最現實的利益問題，不斷滿足人民對美好生活的嚮往。

Ensuring and enhancing the people’s wellbeing in the course of development is one of the major tasks of Chinese modernization. In line with the principle of doing everything within our means, we will refine the systems of basic public services, with the focus on providing inclusive services, meeting essential needs, and providing a cushion for those most in need. We will strive to resolve the most practical problems that are of the greatest and most direct concern to the people so as to meet people’s aspirations for a better life.

（42）完善收入分配制度。構建初次分配、再分配、第三次分配協調配套的制度體系，提高居民收入在國民收入分配中的比重，提高勞動報酬在初次分配中的比重。完善勞動者工資決定、合理增長、支付保障機制，健全按要素分配政策制度。完善稅收、社會保障、轉移支付等再分配調節機制。支持發展公益慈善事業。

(42) Improving the income distribution system

We will build an institutional framework under which primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution are well coordinated and mutually complementary. We will work to raise the share of personal income in the distribution of national income and give more weight to work remuneration in primary distribution. We will improve the mechanisms for determining wages, ensuring that they are increased at a reasonable rate and that they are paid in full, and refine the policy system for distribution based on factors of production. We will improve the redistribution mechanisms such as taxation, social security, and transfer payments. We will support the development of public interest activities and charities.

規範收入分配秩序，規範財富積累機制，多渠道增加城鄉居民財產性收入，形成有效增加低收入群體收入、穩步擴大中等收入群體規模、合理調節過高收入的制度體系。深化國有企業工資決定機制改革，合理確定並嚴格規範國有企業各級負責人薪酬、津貼補貼等。

We will keep income distribution and the means of accumulating wealth well-regulated, open more avenues for urban and rural residents to increase their property incomes, and put in place systems to effectively boost the incomes of low-income earners, steadily expand the size of the middle-income group, and properly regulate excessive incomes. We will further reform the salary-setting mechanism for SOEs and rationally determine and strictly regulate the remuneration standards, allowances, and benefits for SOE executives at all levels.

（43）完善就業優先政策。健全高質量充分就業促進機制，完善就業公共服務體系，著力解決結構性就業矛盾。完善高校畢業生、農民工、退役軍人等重點群體就業支持體系，健全終身職業技能培訓制度。統籌城鄉就業政策體系，同步推進戶籍、用人、檔案等服務改革，優化創業促進就業政策環境，支持和規範發展新就業形態。完善促進機會公平制度機制，暢通社會流動渠道。完善勞動關係協商協調機制，加強勞動者權益保障。

(43) Improving the employment-first policy

We will develop sound mechanisms for promoting high-quality and full employment, refine the related public services system, and work hard to tackle structural unemployment. We will improve the system of employment support for key groups such as college graduates, rural migrant workers, and ex-service members and the system of lifelong vocational skills training. We will coordinate urban and rural employment policies, simultaneously advance service reforms related to household registration, human resources, and personnel records, improve the policy environment to boost employment by encouraging business startups, and support and regulate the development of new forms of employment. We will improve the systems and mechanisms for promoting equality of opportunity and see that the channels for social mobility are unimpeded. We will refine the mechanisms for labor relation consultations and mediation and do more to safeguard workers’ rights and interests.

（44）健全社會保障體系。完善基本養老保險全國統籌制度，健全全國統一的社保公共服務平台。健全社保基金保值增值和安全監管體系。健全基本養老、基本醫療保險籌資和待遇合理調整機制，逐步提高城鄉居民基本養老保險基礎養老金。健全靈活就業人員、農民工、新就業形態人員社保制度，擴大失業、工傷、生育保險覆蓋面，全面取消在就業地參保戶籍限制，完善社保關係轉移接續政策。加快發展多層次多支柱養老保險體系，擴大年金制度覆蓋範圍，推行個人養老金制度。發揮各類商業保險補充保障作用。推進基本醫療保險省級統籌，深化醫保支付方式改革，完善大病保險和醫療救助制度，加強醫保基金監管。健全社會救助體系。健全保障婦女兒童合法權益制度。完善殘疾人社會保障制度和關愛服務體系。

(44) Improving the social security system

We will improve the system for unified national management of basic old-age insurance funds and the unified national platform for social insurance public services. We will develop sound systems for ensuring that social security funds are kept safe through supervision and their value is maintained and increased over time. We will refine the mechanisms for financing basic old-age insurance and basic medical insurance and for adjusting the benefits of both as appropriate. Basic pension benefits for rural and non-working urban residents under the basic old-age insurance scheme will be raised gradually. We will build a sound social security system to serve people in flexible employment, rural migrant workers, and those in new forms of employment and expand the coverage of unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and childbirth insurance programs. We will see to it that all restrictions preventing people from accessing social security in the places where they work but do not hold permanent residency are lifted and that policies for transferring social security accounts are improved. We will move faster to develop a multi-tiered, multi-pillar old-age insurance system, expand the coverage of the annuity system, and promote the implementation of private pension schemes. We will leverage various commercial insurance schemes as a supplementary support. We will work toward provincial-level unified management of basic medical insurance funds, further reform medical insurance payment models, improve major disease insurance and medical assistance schemes, and tighten oversight over medical insurance funds. We will improve the social assistance system, the system for protecting the lawful rights and interests of women and children, and the social security and service systems for people with disabilities.

加快建立租購並舉的住房制度，加快構建房地產發展新模式。加大保障性住房建設和供給，滿足工薪群體剛性住房需求。支持城鄉居民多樣化改善性住房需求。充分賦予各城市政府房地產市場調控自主權，因城施策，允許有關城市取消或調減住房限購政策、取消普通住宅和非普通住宅標準。改革房地產開發融資方式和商品房預售制度。完善房地產稅收制度。

We will move faster to establish a housing system that supports both housing rentals and purchases and foster a new development model for the real estate sector. We will scale up the building and supply of government-subsidized housing to meet the essential need of salaried people for a home to live in. We will also work to support the diverse needs of urban and rural residents for better housing. Municipal governments will be given greater decision-making powers to regulate the real estate market, and based on local conditions, some cities will be permitted to abolish or reduce restrictions on housing purchases and to scrap relevant standards for ordinary and non-ordinary housing. We will carry out reforms to change the way real estate development is financed and to improve the advance purchase system for commodity housing. Improvements will also be made to the taxation system in the real estate sector.

（45）深化醫藥衛生體制改革。實施健康優先發展戰略，健全公共衛生體系，促進社會共治、醫防協同、醫防融合，強化監測預警、風險評估、流行病學調查、檢驗檢測、應急處置、醫療救治等能力。促進醫療、醫保、醫藥協同發展和治理。促進優質醫療資源擴容下沈和區域均衡布局，加快建設分級診療體系，推進緊密型醫聯體建設，強化基層醫療衛生服務。深化以公益性為導向的公立醫院改革，建立以醫療服務為主導的收費機制，完善薪酬制度，建立編制動態調整機制。引導規範民營醫院發展。創新醫療衛生監管手段。健全支持創新藥和醫療器械發展機制，完善中醫藥傳承創新發展機制。

(45) Further reforming the medical and healthcare systems

We will implement a health-first strategy. We will improve the public health system, promoting public participation as well as collaboration and integration between hospitals and disease prevention and control institutions and boosting capacities for disease monitoring and early warning, risk assessment, epidemiological investigation, testing and inspection, emergency response, and medical treatment. We will support coordinated development and governance of medical services, medical insurance, and pharmaceuticals. We will do more to increase the availability of quality medical resources and see that such resources are channeled toward the community level and more evenly distributed among regions. We will move faster to develop the tiered diagnosis and treatment system, propel the development of tightly knit medical consortia, and upgrade the services of community-level medical and healthcare institutions. We will deepen the reform of public hospitals to see that they better serve the public interest, establish mechanisms whereby medical expenses are primarily based on medical services, improve the remuneration system, and set up a mechanism for making dynamic staffing adjustments. We will guide and better regulate the development of private hospitals and introduce new approaches in the supervision of medical and healthcare services. We will improve the mechanisms for supporting the development of innovative drugs and medical equipment and for promoting the preservation and innovative development of traditional Chinese medicine.

（46）健全人口發展支持和服務體系。以應對老齡化、少子化為重點完善人口發展戰略，健全覆蓋全人群、全生命周期的人口服務體系，促進人口高質量發展。完善生育支持政策體系和激勵機制，推動建設生育友好型社會。有效降低生育、養育、教育成本，完善生育休假制度，建立生育補貼制度，提高基本生育和兒童醫療公共服務水平，加大個人所得稅抵扣力度。加強普惠育幼服務體系建設，支持用人單位辦托、社區嵌入式托育、家庭托育點等多種模式發展。把握人口流動客觀規律，推動相關公共服務隨人走，促進城鄉、區域人口合理集聚、有序流動。

(46) Improving the systems for supporting population development and providing related services

We will improve the population development strategy in response to population aging and the declining birth rate. A sound system will be instituted to provide full life-cycle population services to all in order to promote high-quality population development. We will refine the policy system and incentive mechanisms for boosting the birth rate and strive to build a childbirth-friendly society. We will work to bring down the costs of childbirth, parenting, and education, refine parental leave policies, introduce a system of childbirth subsidies, improve basic public services for childbirth and pediatric medical care, and further raise the childcare-related deduction for personal income tax. We will make greater efforts to develop a public-benefit childcare service system and provide support for employer-run nurseries, community childcare facilities, and home-based childcare. Based on the general patterns underlying population flows, we will see that public services follow the movement of populations and facilitate the reasonable concentration of people in and their orderly flow between urban and rural areas and different regions.

積極應對人口老齡化，完善發展養老事業和養老產業政策機制。發展銀發經濟，創造適合老年人的多樣化、個性化就業崗位。按照自願、彈性原則，穩妥有序推進漸進式延遲法定退休年齡改革。優化基本養老服務供給，培育社區養老服務機構，健全公辦養老機構運營機制，鼓勵和引導企業等社會力量積極參與，推進互助性養老服務，促進醫養結合。加快補齊農村養老服務短板。改善對孤寡、殘障失能等特殊困難老年人的服務，加快建立長期護理保險制度。

To actively respond to population aging, we will refine the policies and mechanisms for developing elderly care programs and industries. We will develop the silver economy and support the creation of diverse jobs tailored to elderly people. In line with the principle of voluntary participation with appropriate flexibility, we will advance reform to gradually raise the statutory retirement age in a prudent and orderly manner. To boost the supply of basic elderly care services, we will develop community-based facilities, improve the operation mechanisms for public-run institutions, encourage and guide the participation of enterprises and other non-governmental actors in service provision, and promote mutual-aid elderly care and the integration of medical care and elderly care. We will work faster to shore up weaknesses in rural elderly care services. We will also see to it that better services are provided for elderly people with special difficulties including those who live alone, have disabilities, or suffer from physical impairment, and accelerate the introduction of insurance schemes for long-term care.

十二、深化生態文明體制改革

XII. Deepening Reform in Ecological Conservation

中國式現代化是人與自然和諧共生的現代化。必須完善生態文明制度體系，協同推進降碳、減污、擴綠、增長，積極應對氣候變化，加快完善落實綠水青山就是金山銀山理念的體制機制。

Chinese modernization is the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature. We must work to improve ecological conservation systems and make concerted efforts to cut carbon emissions, reduce pollution, pursue green development, and boost economic growth. We must actively respond to climate change and move faster to improve the institutions and mechanisms for applying the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.

（47）完善生態文明基礎體制。實施分區域、差異化、精准管控的生態環境管理制度，健全生態環境監測和評價制度。建立健全覆蓋全域全類型、統一銜接的國土空間用途管制和規劃許可制度。健全自然資源資產產權制度和管理制度體系，完善全民所有自然資源資產所有權委託代理機制，建立生態環境保護、自然資源保護利用和資產保值增值等責任考核監督制度。完善國家生態安全工作協調機制。編纂生態環境法典。

(47) Improving the basic systems for ecological conservation

We will implement region-specific environmental management systems featuring differentiated, targeted regulation and improve the systems for environmental monitoring and assessment. We will establish sound, united, well-aligned systems for regulating the use of territorial space of all types across the country and for approving territorial space plans. To improve the property rights and management systems for natural resource assets, we will refine the mechanism for the delegation of ownership over public-owned natural resource assets and establish systems for assessing and supervising performance in terms of protecting the environment, protecting and utilizing natural resources, and ensuring that natural resource assets hold their value and appreciate. We will improve the coordination mechanism for ensuring national ecological security. An environmental code will be compiled.

（48）健全生態環境治理體系。推進生態環境治理責任體系、監管體系、市場體系、法律法規政策體系建設。完善精准治污、科學治污、依法治污制度機制，落實以排污許可制為核心的固定污染源監管制度，建立新污染物協同治理和環境風險管控體系，推進多污染物協同減排。深化環境信息依法披露制度改革，構建環境信用監管體系。推動重要流域構建上下游貫通一體的生態環境治理體系。全面推進以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系建設。

(48) Improving environmental governance systems

We will develop responsibility, oversight, and market systems as well as laws, regulations, and policies to improve environmental governance. We will refine the institutions and mechanisms for ensuring that pollution control practices are targeted, grounded in science, and law-based, and implement an oversight system for stationary pollution sources centered on emissions permits. We will establish systems for the coordinated treatment of new pollutants and management of environmental risks and make a coordinated push to reduce the discharge of various pollutants. The reform to advance the law-based disclosure of environmental information will continue, and an environmental credibility oversight system will be put into place. We will develop systems for integrated upstream-downstream environmental governance in major river basins. Comprehensive efforts will be made to develop the national park-based system of protected areas.

落實生態保護紅線管理制度，健全山水林田湖草沙一體化保護和系統治理機制，建設多元化生態保護修復投入機制。落實水資源剛性約束制度，全面推行水資源費改稅。強化生物多樣性保護工作協調機制。健全海洋資源開發保護制度。健全生態產品價值實現機制。深化自然資源有償使用制度改革。推進生態綜合補償，健全橫向生態保護補償機制，統籌推進生態環境損害賠償。

We will implement the management system for ecological conservation redlines, improve the mechanisms for integrated protection and systematic governance of mountain, water, forest, farmland, grassland, and desert ecosystems, and develop multiple funding mechanisms for ecosystem protection and restoration. We will enforce the system of mandatory limits on the use of water resources and replace the water resource fee with a tax nationwide. The coordination mechanism for biodiversity protection will be enhanced, and the systems for developing and protecting marine resources will be improved. We will refine the mechanisms for realizing the market value of ecosystem goods and services. We will further reform the system of paid use for natural resources. We will advance comprehensive compensation for ecological conservation, improve the trans-regional compensation mechanism for ecological conservation, and take coordinated steps to promote compensation for environmental damage.

（49）健全綠色低碳發展機制。實施支持綠色低碳發展的財稅、金融、投資、價格政策和標準體系，發展綠色低碳產業，健全綠色消費激勵機制，促進綠色低碳循環發展經濟體系建設。優化政府綠色採購政策，完善綠色稅制。完善資源總量管理和全面節約制度，健全廢棄物循環利用體系。健全煤炭清潔高效利用機制。加快規劃建設新型能源體系，完善新能源消納和調控政策措施。完善適應氣候變化工作體系。建立能耗雙控向碳排放雙控全面轉型新機制。構建碳排放統計覈算體系、產品碳標識認證制度、產品碳足跡管理體系，健全碳市場交易制度、溫室氣體自願減排交易制度，積極穩妥推進碳達峰碳中和。

(49) Improving the mechanisms for green and low-carbon development

We will implement fiscal, tax, financial, investment, and pricing policies as well as standards to support green and low-carbon development, develop green and low-carbon industries, improve incentive mechanisms for eco-friendly consumer spending, and work toward an economy that facilitates green, low-carbon, and circular development. We will optimize policies on green government procurement and refine the green taxation system. We will improve the systems for total resource consumption control and comprehensive resource conservation, as well as the system for recycling waste and used materials. Mechanisms for ensuring clean and efficient use of coal will be refined. We will accelerate the planning and development of a new type of energy system and improve the policies and measures for promoting the absorption of electricity generated from new energy sources into power grids and for the regulation of such energy. Improvements will be made to the working systems for adapting to climate change. New mechanisms will be put in place to facilitate the transition from controlling the total amount and intensity of energy consumption to controlling the total amount and intensity of carbon emissions. We will establish a carbon emissions statistics and accounting system, a carbon labeling and certification system, as well as a carbon footprint management system. We will also improve the cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions and the trading system for voluntary greenhouse gas emissions reduction. On this basis, we will actively and prudently move toward reaching peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality.

十三、推進國家安全體系和能力現代化

XIII. Modernizing China’s National Security System and Capacity

國家安全是中國式現代化行穩致遠的重要基礎。必須全面貫徹總體國家安全觀，完善維護國家安全體制機制，實現高質量發展和高水平安全良性互動，切實保障國家長治久安。

National security provides a pivotal foundation for ensuring steady and sustained progress in Chinese modernization. We must fully apply a holistic approach to national security, improve the institutions and mechanisms for safeguarding national security, and ensure that high-quality development and greater security reinforce each other, so as to safeguard the country’s long-term stability and security.

（50）健全國家安全體系。強化國家安全工作協調機制，完善國家安全法治體系、戰略體系、政策體系、風險監測預警體系，完善重點領域安全保障體系和重要專項協調指揮體系。構建聯動高效的國家安全防護體系，推進國家安全科技賦能。

(50) Improving the national security system

The mechanisms for coordinating national security work will be strengthened. We will improve the legal, strategy, policy, and risk monitoring and early warning systems for national security, the systems for safeguarding security in key sectors, and the coordination and command systems for major projects. We will create a coordinated and highly effective system for protecting national security and better leverage science and technology to safeguard national security.

（51）完善公共安全治理機制。健全重大突發公共事件處置保障體系，完善大安全大應急框架下應急指揮機制，強化基層應急基礎和力量，提高防災減災救災能力。完善安全生產風險排查整治和責任倒查機制。完善食品藥品安全責任體系。健全生物安全監管預警防控體系。加強網絡安全體制建設，建立人工智能安全監管制度。

(51) Improving the public security governance mechanisms

We will improve the response and support system for major public emergencies, refine the emergency response command mechanisms under the overall safety and emergency response framework, bolster response infrastructure and capabilities in local communities, and strengthen capacity for disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief. The mechanisms for identifying and addressing workplace safety risks and for conducting retroactive investigations to determine liability will be improved. We will refine the food and drug safety responsibility system, as well as the systems of monitoring, early warning, and risk prevention and control for biosafety and biosecurity. We will strengthen the cybersecurity system and institute oversight systems to ensure the safety of artificial intelligence.

（52）健全社會治理體系。堅持和發展新時代“楓橋經驗”，健全黨組織領導的自治、法治、德治相結合的城鄉基層治理體系，完善共建共治共享的社會治理制度。探索建立全國統一的人口管理制度。健全社會工作體制機制，加強黨建引領基層治理，加強社會工作者隊伍建設，推動志願服務體系建設。推進信訪工作法治化。提高市域社會治理能力，強化市民熱線等公共服務平台功能，健全“高效辦成一件事”重點事項清單管理機制和常態化推進機制。健全社會心理服務體系和危機干預機制。健全發揮家庭家教家風建設在基層治理中作用的機制。深化行業協會商會改革。健全社會組織管理制度。

(52) Improving the social governance system

We will apply and further develop the Fengqiao model for promoting community-level governance in the new era, enhance the Party organization-led urban and rural community governance system based on self-governance, the rule of law, and the rule of virtue, and improve the social governance system based on collaboration, participation, and benefit sharing. We will explore avenues for establishing a unified national population management system. We will improve the institutions and mechanisms for social work, better guide community-level governance through Party building, strengthen the ranks of social workers, and advance the development of the volunteer service system. We will promote law-based handling of public complaints and proposals. To improve the social governance capacity of cities, steps will be taken to ensure that citizen hotlines and other public service platforms function more effectively. To advance one-stop government services, we will improve the list-based management mechanism for relevant major tasks as well as the mechanism for ensuring ongoing progress. We will improve the system for public psychological and counseling services and crisis intervention mechanisms. We will refine the mechanisms for giving full play to the role of family ties, values, and traditions in community-level social governance. Reform of trade associations and chambers of commerce will be furthered. Improvements will be made to the management system for social organizations.

健全鄉鎮（街道）職責和權力、資源相匹配制度，加強鄉鎮（街道）服務管理力量。完善社會治安整體防控體系，健全掃黑除惡常態化機制，依法嚴懲群眾反映強烈的違法犯罪活動。

We will enhance the systems for ensuring that the powers and resources of towns and townships (urban sub-districts) are commensurate with their duties, so that they are better able to provide services and conduct management. We will improve the integrated system for maintaining law and order and the mechanism for combating and rooting out organized crime on an ongoing basis, and we will, in accordance with the law, crack down hard on illegal and criminal activities that cause grave public concern.

（53）完善涉外國家安全機制。建立健全周邊安全工作協調機制。強化海外利益和投資風險預警、防控、保護體制機制，深化安全領域國際執法合作，維護我國公民、法人在海外合法權益。健全反制裁、反干涉、反“長臂管轄”機制。健全維護海洋權益機制。完善參與全球安全治理機制。

(53) Improving the mechanisms for ensuring national security in foreign-related affairs

We will establish sound coordination mechanisms for promoting security in neighboring regions. We will strengthen the institutions and mechanisms for early warning, prevention and control, and protection against risks to China’s interests and investments overseas and deepen international law enforcement cooperation in the realm of security, so as to protect the lawful rights and interests of Chinese citizens and legal entities overseas. Mechanisms for countering foreign sanctions, interference, and long-arm jurisdiction will be strengthened. We will enhance the mechanisms for safeguarding China’s maritime rights and interests, as well as those for China’s participation in global security governance.

十四、持續深化國防和軍隊改革

XIV. Deepening National Defense and Military Reform

國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分。必須堅持黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導，深入實施改革強軍戰略，為如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、基本實現國防和軍隊現代化提供有力保障。

National defense and military modernization is an integral part of Chinese modernization. We must maintain the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s armed forces and fully implement the strategy of strengthening the military through reform, in order to provide a strong guarantee for realizing the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army in 2027 and basically modernizing national defense and the armed forces.

（54）完善人民軍隊領導管理體制機制。健全貫徹軍委主席負責制的制度機制，深入推進政治建軍。優化軍委機關部門職能配置，健全戰建備統籌推進機制，完善重大決策咨詢評估機制，深化戰略管理創新，完善軍事治理體系。健全依法治軍工作機制。完善作戰戰備、軍事人力資源等領域配套政策制度。深化軍隊院校改革，推動院校內涵式發展。實施軍隊企事業單位調整改革。

(54) Improving the institutions and mechanisms for leading and managing the people’s armed forces

We will improve the institutions and mechanisms for implementing the system of ultimate responsibility resting with the chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) and continue to enhance political loyalty in the military. We will optimize the functional setup of CMC departments and improve the mechanisms for coordinated advancement of military operations, capacity building, and combat preparedness. We will refine the consultation and evaluation mechanisms for major decisions, develop new approaches to strategic management, and improve the military governance system. We will improve the working mechanisms for running the military in accordance with the law. We will refine the supporting policies and systems for military operations, combat preparedness, military human resources, and other fields. The reform of military academies will be deepened in a bid to fully harness their potential. Military-affiliated enterprises and public institutions will also undergo adjustment and reform.

（55）深化聯合作戰體系改革。完善軍委聯合作戰指揮中心職能，健全重大安全領域指揮功能，建立同中央和國家機關協調運行機制。優化戰區聯合作戰指揮中心編成，完善任務部隊聯合作戰指揮編組模式。加強網絡信息體系建設運用統籌。構建新型軍兵種結構布局，加快發展戰略威懾力量，大力發展新域新質作戰力量，統籌加強傳統作戰力量建設。優化武警部隊力量編成。

(55) Deepening reform of joint operations systems

We will refine the functions of the CMC command center for joint operations, enhance its command functions in major security fields, and establish mechanisms for facilitating its coordination with central Party and state departments. We will optimize the composition of the command centers for joint theater operations and improve the configuration of commands for joint taskforce operations. We will better coordinate the development and application of the network information system. To develop a new framework of services and arms, we will speed up the development of strategic deterrence forces and strive to develop new-domain forces with new combat capabilities, while making coordinated efforts to strengthen traditional combat forces. The composition of the armed police force will be improved.

（56）深化跨軍地改革。健全一體化國家戰略體系和能力建設工作機制，完善涉軍決策議事協調體制機制。健全國防建設軍事需求提報和軍地對接機制，完善國防動員體系。深化國防科技工業體制改革，優化國防科技工業布局，改進武器裝備採購制度，建立軍品設計回報機制，構建武器裝備現代化管理體系。完善軍地標準化工作統籌機制。加強航天、軍貿等領域建設和管理統籌。優化邊海防領導管理體制機制，完善黨政軍警民合力治邊機制。深化民兵制度改革。完善雙擁工作機制。

(56) Deepening military-civilian reforms

We will improve the working mechanisms for developing integrated national strategies and strategic capabilities and refine the institutions and mechanisms for military-related decision-making, deliberation, and coordination. We will improve the mechanisms for submitting and reporting on defense-related military needs and enhancing military-civilian alignment and refine the national defense mobilization system. Reform of the defense-related science, technology, and industry systems will be deepened to upgrade the layout of these areas. We will refine the system for weaponry and equipment procurement, develop reward mechanisms for designing military products, and modernize our weaponry and equipment management system. We will improve the mechanisms for coordinating standards between the military and civilian sectors. We will better coordinate development and management in aerospace, military trade, and other fields. We will optimize the institutions and mechanisms for leading and managing border and coastal defense and improve mechanisms to enable the Party, the government, the military, the police force, and the people to work together on border governance. Reform of the militia system will be furthered. The mechanisms for strengthening mutual support between civilian sectors and the military will be refined.

十五、提高黨對進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化的領導水平

XV. Improving the Party’s Leadership

黨的領導是進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化的根本保證。必須深刻領悟“兩個確立”的決定性意義，增強“四個意識”、堅定“四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”，保持以黨的自我革命引領社會革命的高度自覺，堅持用改革精神和嚴的標準管黨治黨，完善黨的自我革命制度規範體系，不斷推進黨的自我淨化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高，確保黨始終成為中國特色社會主義事業的堅強領導核心。

Leadership by the Party provides a fundamental guarantee for further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese modernization. We must acquire a deep understanding of the decisive significance of establishing Comrade Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole and establishing the guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. We must be more conscious of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership. We must stay confident in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics. We must uphold Comrade Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole and uphold the Central Committee’s authority and its centralized, unified leadership.

We must maintain a keen awareness of the need to use the Party’s self-reform to steer social reform and continue to apply both the spirit of reform and rigorous standards in conducting Party self-governance. We will improve the systems and regulations for the Party’s self-reform and continue working to purify, improve, renew, and excel ourselves. All this will enable our Party to remain the strong leadership core in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.

（57）堅持黨中央對進一步全面深化改革的集中統一領導。黨中央領導改革的總體設計、統籌協調、整體推進。完善黨中央重大決策部署落實機制，確保黨中央令行禁止。各級黨委（黨組）負責落實黨中央決策部署，謀劃推進本地區本部門改革，鼓勵結合實際開拓創新，創造可複製、可推廣的新鮮經驗。走好新時代黨的群眾路線，把社會期盼、群眾智慧、專家意見、基層經驗充分吸收到改革設計中來。圍繞解決突出矛盾設置改革議題，優化重點改革方案生成機制，堅持真理、修正錯誤，及時發現問題、糾正偏差。完善改革激勵和輿論引導機制，營造良好改革氛圍。

(57) Upholding the Party Central Committee’s centralized, unified leadership over the endeavor to further deepen reform comprehensively

The Party Central Committee exercises leadership over the general design, coordination, and overall advancement of all our reforms. We will refine the mechanisms through which the major decisions and plans of the Central Committee are implemented, in order to ensure full compliance with its orders and prohibitions. Party committees (leading Party members groups) at all levels are responsible for implementing the Central Committee’s decisions and plans, planning and advancing reforms in their regions and departments, encouraging pioneering efforts and innovations based on their own situations, and creating new experience that can be applied elsewhere. Continuing to follow the Party’s mass line in the new era, we will fully incorporate social expectations, the people’s wisdom, the views of experts, and primary-level experience into the design of reforms. We will set reform agendas with a focus on solving prominent problems and improve the mechanisms for drawing up key reform plans. We will uphold truth, correct errors, and discover problems and remedy failings as they arise. We will improve reform incentives and better guide public opinion so as to foster a favorable environment for reform.

（58）深化黨的建設制度改革。以調動全黨抓改革、促發展的積極性、主動性、創造性為著力點，完善黨的建設制度機制。加強黨的創新理論武裝，建立健全以學鑄魂、以學增智、以學正風、以學促乾長效機制。深化幹部人事制度改革，鮮明樹立選人用人正確導向，大力選拔政治過硬、敢於擔當、銳意改革、實績突出、清正廉潔的幹部，著力解決幹部亂作為、不作為、不敢為、不善為問題。樹立和踐行正確政績觀，健全有效防範和糾治政績觀偏差工作機制。落實“三個區分開來”，激勵幹部開拓進取、幹事創業。推進領導幹部能上能下常態化，加大調整不適宜擔任現職幹部力度。健全常態化培訓特別是基本培訓機制，強化專業訓練和實踐鍛鍊，全面提高幹部現代化建設能力。完善和落實領導幹部任期制，健全領導班子主要負責人變動交接制度。增強黨組織政治功能和組織功能。探索加強新經濟組織、新社會組織、新就業群體黨的建設有效途徑。完善黨員教育管理、作用發揮機制。完善黨內法規，增強黨內法規權威性和執行力。

(58) Deepening institutional reforms related to Party building

With a focus on boosting the whole Party’s drive, initiative, and creativity for reform and development, we will improve the systems and mechanisms for Party building. We will further arm ourselves with the Party’s new theories and set up sound long-term mechanisms for reinforcing commitment, acquiring knowledge, improving conduct, and enhancing performance through learning. We will further reform the management system for officials and personnel and firmly follow the right approach to selecting and appointing officials. Officials who are politically committed, highly responsible, determined to pursue reform, outstanding in performance, and honest and clean, must be selected; and the problem of officials acting arbitrarily or lacking the willingness, courage, or ability to deliver must be addressed. We will see that officials have a correct understanding of what it means to perform well and improve the mechanisms for effectively preventing and correcting any misguided views about achievements. We will apply the “three distinctions” to encourage officials to forge ahead in a pioneering spirit and demonstrate enterprise in their work. We will make an ongoing effort to ensure that officials can be demoted as well as promoted and make a stronger push to replace those who are no longer suitable for their posts. We will improve the mechanisms for providing regular training, and basic training in particular, for officials, give them more professional training opportunities, and temper them through practice, in order to make them fully capable of advancing modernization initiatives. The tenure system for leading officials will be refined and fully applied, and the handover system for the heads of leadership teams will be improved. We will strengthen the political and organizational functions of Party organizations. We will look into effective ways of Party building in new types of economic and social organizations and among groups in new forms of employment. We will improve the mechanisms for guiding and managing Party members and giving full play to their roles. We will also refine Party rules and regulations, increase their authority, and fully enforce them.

（59）深入推進黨風廉政建設和反腐敗鬥爭。健全政治監督具體化、精准化、常態化機制。鍥而不捨落實中央八項規定精神，健全防治形式主義、官僚主義制度機制。持續精簡規範會議文件和各類創建示範、評比達標、節慶展會論壇活動，嚴格控制面向基層的督查、檢查、考核總量，提高調研質量，下大氣力解決過頻過繁問題。制定鄉鎮（街道）履行職責事項清單，健全為基層減負長效機制。建立經常性和集中性相結合的紀律教育機制，深化運用監督執紀“四種形態”，綜合發揮黨的紀律教育約束、保障激勵作用。

(59) Intensifying efforts to improve conduct, build integrity, and combat corruption

Mechanisms for conducting concrete, targeted, and regular political oversight will be improved. We will steadfastly implement the central Party leadership’s eight-point decision on improving conduct and refine our systems and mechanisms for preventing and tackling pointless formalities and bureaucratism. We will continue to streamline and standardize meetings and documents, as well as all types of demonstration initiatives, evaluations, standards inspections, festival celebrations, expositions and exhibitions, and forums; strictly control the total number of community-level inspections, examinations, and evaluations; and raise the quality of research and studies. Great effort will be made to address the excessive frequency of all these activities. We will formulate lists of duties for towns and townships (urban sub-districts) and refine the long-term mechanisms for reducing their burdens. We will set up mechanisms for carrying out regular and intensive education on Party discipline and better exercise four forms of oversight over discipline compliance, thus ensuring we make full use of Party discipline as a guide, restraint, guarantee, and incentive.

完善一體推進不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐工作機制，著力鏟除腐敗滋生的土壤和條件。健全不正之風和腐敗問題同查同治機制，深化整治權力集中、資金密集、資源富集領域腐敗，嚴肅查處政商勾連破壞政治生態和經濟發展環境問題，完善對重點行賄人的聯合懲戒機制，豐富防治新型腐敗和隱性腐敗的有效辦法。加強誣告行為治理。健全追逃防逃追贓機制。加強新時代廉潔文化建設。

We will improve the mechanisms for coordinating efforts to ensure that officials do not have the audacity, opportunity, or desire to be corrupt and work hard to eradicate the breeding grounds and conditions for corruption. We will improve the mechanisms for investigating and addressing instances of both misconduct and corruption, intensify efforts to uproot corruption in sectors with a high concentration of power, funds, and resources, and strictly investigate and deal with any collusion between government officials and businesspeople that undermines the political ecosystem and economic development. We will refine the mechanisms for taking joint punitive actions against major bribe givers and adopt more measures to effectively prevent and control new and disguised forms of corruption. We will take stronger steps to handle false accusations. We will improve the mechanisms for pursuing fugitives, preventing escape, and retrieving stolen assets. We will see that a culture of integrity prevails in the new era.

完善黨和國家監督體系。強化全面從嚴治黨主體責任和監督責任。健全加強對“一把手”和領導班子監督配套制度。完善權力配置和運行制約機制，反對特權思想和特權現象。推進執紀執法和刑事司法有機銜接。健全巡視巡察工作體制機制。優化監督檢查和審查調查機構職能，完善垂直管理單位紀檢監察體制，推進向中管企業全面派駐紀檢監察組。深化基層監督體制機制改革。推進反腐敗國家立法，修改監察法，出台反跨境腐敗法。

Party and state oversight systems will be improved. We will ensure that principal and oversight responsibilities for full and rigorous Party self-governance are assumed. We will improve the supporting systems for more effective oversight of leadership teams and their heads. We will improve the mechanisms for applying checks over the allocation and exercise of power and oppose privilege-seeking mindsets and behavior. We will work to coordinate discipline and law enforcement with the administration of criminal justice. We will improve the working institutions and mechanisms for discipline inspection. We will optimize the functions of oversight, inspection, review, and investigation agencies, improve the discipline inspection and supervision systems for departments under vertical management, and work to see that discipline inspection and supervision teams are dispatched to all central government-administered enterprises. Institutional reforms for primary-level oversight will be deepened. Steps will be taken to advance national anti-corruption legislation, revise the Supervision Law, and formulate a law on countering transnational corruption.

（60）以釘釘子精神抓好改革落實。對黨中央進一步全面深化改革的決策部署，全黨必須求真務實抓落實、敢作善為抓落實，堅持上下協同、條塊結合，科學制定改革任務書、時間表、優先序，明確各項改革實施主體和責任，把重大改革落實情況納入監督檢查和巡視巡察內容，以實績實效和人民群眾滿意度檢驗改革。

(60) Ensuring the implementation of reforms with relentless perseverance

The whole Party must take pragmatic, resolute, and effective steps to ensure implementation of the Party Central Committee’s decisions and plans on further deepening reform comprehensively. We need to work in concert from top to bottom across all departments and regions to set the tasks, timelines, and priorities for reform in a well-conceived way, and designate competent departments for implementing each reform initiative and clearly define their responsibilities. The implementation of major reforms will be subject to oversight and inspection, and the litmus test of reform will lie in how well it performs, what it delivers, and how much satisfaction it brings our people.

中國式現代化是走和平發展道路的現代化。對外工作必須堅定奉行獨立自主的和平外交政策，推動構建人類命運共同體，踐行全人類共同價值，落實全球發展倡議、全球安全倡議、全球文明倡議，倡導平等有序的世界多極化、普惠包容的經濟全球化，深化外事工作機制改革，參與引領全球治理體系改革和建設，堅定維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，為進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化營造良好外部環境。

Chinese modernization is the modernization of peaceful development. In diplomatic work, China remains firm in pursuing an independent foreign policy of peace and is dedicated to promoting a human community with a shared future. We will stay committed to the common values of all humanity, pursue the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative, and call for an equal and orderly multipolar world and universally beneficial and inclusive economic globalization. We will deepen institutional reforms related to the work of foreign affairs and get involved in leading the reform and development of the global governance system. We will resolutely safeguard China’s sovereignty, security, and development interests and foster a favorable external environment for further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese modernization.

全黨全軍全國各族人民要更加緊密地團結在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央周圍，高舉改革開放旗幟，凝心聚力、奮發進取，為全面建成社會主義現代化強國、實現第二個百年奮鬥目標，以中國式現代化全面推進中華民族偉大復興而努力奮鬥。

Let the whole Party, the entire military, and Chinese people of all ethnic groups rally more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core. Let us hold high the banner of reform and opening up, pool all wisdom and strength, and forge ahead with enterprise. Let us work hard toward the Second Centenary Goal of building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects and strive to advance the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts through Chinese modernization.

來源：中國日報